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SPED Book Chapter 6
Highlighted Vocabulary Terms in Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Speech Disorder | Refers to difficulty in producing sounds as well as disorders of voice quality (for example, a hoarse voice) or fluency of speech, often referred to as stuttering |
| Language Disorder | Is difficulty in receiving, understanding, and formulating ideas and information |
| Receptive Language Disorder | Is characterized by difficulty in receiving or understanding information |
| Expressive Language Disorder | Is characterized by difficulty in formulating ideas and information |
| Cleft Palate/Lip | Describes a condition in which a person has a split in the upper part of the oral cavity or the upper lip |
| Dialect | Is a regional variation of a language, as when someone speaks English using terms or pronunciations common only in that region |
| Speech | Is the oral expression of language. The disorder may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations |
| Language | Is a structured, shared, rule-governed symbolic system for communicating |
| Phonology | Is the use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words |
| Phonemes | Are individual speech sounds and how they are produced, depending on their placement in a syllable or word |
| Morphology | Is the system that governs the structure of words |
| Morpheme | Is the smallest meaningful unit of speech |
| Syntax | Provides rules for putting together a series of words to form sentences |
| Semantics | Refers to the meaning of what is expressed |
| Pragmatics | Refers to the use of communication in context |
| Social Interaction Theories | Emphasize that communication skills are learned through social interactions |
| Articulation | Is a speaker's production of individual or sequenced sounds |
| Substitutions | Occur when a person substitutes one sound for another, as when a child substitutes /d/ for the voiced /th/ ("doze" for "those"), /t/ for /k/ ("tat" for "cat"), or /w/ for /r/ ("wabbit" for "rabbit") |
| Omissions | Occur when a child leaves a phoneme out of a word |
| Additions | Occur when students place a vowel between two consonants |
| Distortions | Are modifications of the production of a phoneme in a word |
| Apraxia | Is a motor speech disorder that affects the way in which a student plans to produce speech |
| Pitch | Is affected by the tension and size of the vocal folds, the health of the larynx, and the location of the larynx |
| Duration | Is the length of time any speech sound requires |
| Intensity | (Loudness or softness) is based on the perception of the listener and is determined by the air pressure coming from the lungs through the vocal folds |
| Resonance | Is determined by the way in which the tone coming from the vocal folds is modified by the spaces of the throat, mouth, and nose |
| Hypernasality | Is when air is allowed to pass through the nasal cavity on sounds other than /m/, /n/, and /ng/ |
| Hypnonasality | Occurs because air cannot pass through the nose and comes through the mouth instead |
| Fluency | Is the rate and rhythm of speaking |
| Specific Language Impairment | Describes a language disorder with no identifiable cause in a person with apparently normal development in all other areas |
| Organic Disorders | Are those caused by an identifiable problem in the neuromuscular mechanism of the person |
| Functional Disorders | Are those with no identifiable organic or neurological cause |
| Congenital Disorder | Is a disorder that occurs at or before birth |
| Acquired Disorder | Is a disorder that occurs well after birth |
| Oral Motor Exam | Is examination of the appearance, strength, and range of motion of the lips, tongue, palate, teeth, and jaw |
| Bilingual | Refers to someone who uses two languages equally well |
| Bidialectal | Refers to someone who uses two variations of a language |
| System for Augmenting Language (SAL) | Focuses on augmented input of language |
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