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Dev Psych Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Growth that begins w/ head and travels down rest of body | Cephalocaudal principle |
| Growth that occurs from center of trunk outwards | Proximodistal |
| Chemicals called _____ flow between neurons from axon to dendrite | neurotransmitters |
| 2 ways brain growth occurs | overproduction/exuberance, myelination |
| process where axons are sheathed in fatty material to increase speed of communication | myelination |
| process in which unused neuro connections wither away | synaptic pruning |
| 3 major parts of brain | hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
| parts of brain that control basic bio functions (breathing, heartbeat,balance) | hindbrain, midbrain |
| 2 parts forebrain divided into | limbic system, cerebral cortex |
| limbic system | hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus |
| part of the limbic system that monitors/regulates basic functions | hypothalamus |
| part of limbic system that relays info from body -> brain | thalamus |
| part of limbic system vital to memory function | hippocampus |
| outermost part of forebrain | cerebral cortex |
| part of forebrain divided into 4 lobes, faciliates language, problem solving, thinking, center of brain growth during infancy | cerebral cortex |
| plasticity | highly responsive to environmental influences, very adaptable |
| lobe of brain that contains visual processing | occipital |
| lobe of brain that contains auditory processing | temporal |
| lobe of brain that contains bodily sensations | parietal |
| how many hours a day do newborns sleep | 16-17 |
| leading cause of death for 1-12 mo olds in developing countries | SIDS |
| risk factors for SIDS | low birth weight, low APGAR, prenatal smoking of mom, soft bedding, being too warm |
| program that reduced SIDS deaths in developed countries | BACK to Sleep |
| Age in which solid foods introduced to infant in US | 6 mo |
| disease that affects malnourished infants by limiting growth, causing fatigue, death | Marasmus |
| gross motor development | development of balance/posture, as well as whole body movements that use large muscle groups |
| basis of human fine motor development | opposable thumb |
| ability to discern relative distance of objects in environment | depth perception |
| age in which binocular vision develops | 3 mo |
| visual ability required for depth percetion | binocular vision |
| ability to integrate/coordinate incoming sensory info | intermodal perception |
| cognitive structures for processing, organizing, interpreting info | schemes |
| occurs when new info altered to fit w/ existing scheme | assimilation |
| occurs when scheme is changed to adapt to new info | accommodation |
| Piaget's stage of cognitive development that occurs during 1st 2 years of development | Sensorimotor stage |
| 1st substage of Sensorimotor stage | Simple reflexes, occurs in 1st month. rely heavily on assimilation over adaptation |
| 2nd substage of Sensorimotor stage | First habits, primary circular reactions during months 1-4. Chance behavior that can be intentionally repeated when infant likes sensations behavior produced |
| 3rd substage of Sensorimotor stage | Secondary circular reactions, occurs 4th-8th month, not only focus on infant's own body but ability to impact environment by repeating favorable acts that occurred by chance |
| 4th substage of Sensorimotor stage | Coordination of secondary schemes during months 8-12, beginning of intentional, goal-directed behavior |
| Age in which infants develop awareness of object permanence | 8-12 months |
| "A not B" error | hiding object under blanket, then adding 2nd blanket and hiding object under that one |
| Views cognitive change as continuous, gradual process broken down into components, such as attention and memory | information processing approach |
| gradual decrease in attention of a stimulus after repeated presentations | habituation |
| occurs when the infant’s attention is recaptured with the introduction to a new stimulus after repeated presentations of an old stimulus became boring. | dishabituation |
| infants not only pay attention to sensations that are stimulation to them, but they also pay attention to the stimuli that seems of interest to significant others | joint attention |
| Score of mental abilities developed by Gesell | developmental quotient (DQ) |
| based on Gesell’s approach and measures infant development on cognitive, language, and motor scales for ages 3 months to 3 ½ years. | Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
| age that cooing starts | 2 mo |
| age that babbling starts | 4-6 mo |
| age gesturing begins | 8-10 mo |
| age that first words uttered | 10-14 mo |
| "baby talk" That is when the pitch of the voice becomes higher, intonation is exaggerated, and grammar is simplified when speaking to an infant. | infant-directed (ID) speech |
| That is when the pitch of the voice becomes higher, intonation is exaggerated, and grammar is simplified when speaking to an infant. | temperament |
| proposed by Thomas and Chess, children who develop best do so if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands | goodness-of-fit |
| basic emotions such as anger, fear and happiness, which are evident within a few months after birth | primary emotions |
| embarrassment, shame and guilt are learned emotions dictated by their social environment. | secondary emotions |
| age that social smiles appear | 2-3 mo |
| crying when an infant hears another infant crying | emotional contagion |
| infants observe the emotional responses of others when presented with stimuli that may be ambiguous and uncertain. | social referencing |
| age social referencing begins | 9-10 mo |
| According to Erikson and Bowlby, the major crisis or issue in infancy | development of trust based on interactions with a reliable, sensitive, and responsive primary caregiver. |
| size of infant's brain at birth compared to adult's (%) | 25% |
| size of 2 y/o brain compared to adult | 70% |
| how many synapses does brain eliminate between early childhood-adolescence | 1/3 |
| birth weight _____ by end of first year of life | triples |
| By age 2, # of neurons in brain.. | decreases to 1/2 as many as were present at birth |
| % of babies in Thomas and Chess' study classified as slow to warm up | 15% |
| cognitive structures for processing/organizing/interpreting info | schemes |
| How big is a 2 y/o's head in comparison to their height | Head is 1/5 their height |
| Disease protein deficiency can lead to | Kwashiorkor |
| Iron, zinc, iodine, certain vitamins | micronutrients |
| synaptic density | how many connections between neurons in a unit of space |
| brain's synaptic density at end of toddlerhood | 100 trillion connections |
| 2 most common methods of measuring brain activity | EEG, fMRI |
| how much sleep toddlers need qd | 12-13 hrs |
| age toddlers learn to climb | 15 mo |
| age toddlers learn to run | 18 mo |
| age toddlers kick a ball, climb down | 24 mo |
| age where toddlers have pain, disturbed sleep at night and why | 18-24 mo, d/t back molars erupting |
| Piaget's Sensorymotor substage 5 referred to as | tertiary circular reactions |
| age for Piaget substage 5 | 12-18 mo |
| hallmark of Piaget substage 5 | involves trying to figure out how things in environment work |
| hallmark of Piaget substage 6 | mental representations - toddlers begin to think thru possible actions before acting. Symbolic thoughts |
| age of Piaget substage 6 | 18-24 mo |
| ability to repeat actions seen previously | deferred imitation |
| age where deferred imitation of complex tasks is seen | 24 mo |
| who developed theory of "scaffolding" and "zone of proximal development" | Vygotsky |
| range of skills/tasks children are capable of performing only if guided by more knowledgeable person | zone of proximal development |
| degree of assistance provided to children in zone of proximal development | scaffolding |
| Rogoff extended Vygotsky's work on scaffolding with.. | idea of guided participation |
| infinite generativity | humans able to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways |
| Broca's area | left frontal lobe, is specialized for language production. |
| Wernicke's area | in the left temporal lobe, is specialized for language comprehension. |
| rate at which avg toddler (12-18 mo) learns new words | learns 1-3 new words q wk |
| how many words avg 15 mo old can speak | 10 words |
| how many words avg 18 mo old can speak | 50 words |
| holophrases | single words w/ own multiple meanings |
| overextension | a single word represents variety of related objects |
| underextension | apply general word to specific object |
| fast mapping | rapid rate which 18-24 mo olds learn/remember new words |
| by 24 mo most toddlers speak how many words | 200 |
| word combinations (usually 2 words) | telegraphic speech |
| overregularization | applying grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule |
| sociomoral emotions | secondary emotions that develop after a child develops a sense of self and are based on their social environment. guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride |
| empathy | ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress is an important sociomoral emotion |
| self-recognition | red spot experiment; only children who were about 18 months old recognized themselves in the mirror and tried to rub off the red spot |
| gender identity | develops between 18 and 30 months, as children begin to identify themselves and others as male or female and apply gender terms |
| sex | biological status of being male or female |
| gender | cultural categories of “male” and “female.” |
| person children seek out when they experience a negative physical or emotional state | primary attachment figure |
| Separation from the primary attachment figure and the introduction of unfamiliar persons often produce ______ for 6–12 month olds | stranger anxiety |
| ethology | study of animal behavior |
| "strange situation" | Ainsworth developed to assess attachment quality where mother-child dyads and an unfamiliar stranger go through a series of introductions, separations, and reunion |
| Bowlby's theory | emphasized the evolutionary need for an attachment or emotional bond that would protect human infants from harm and provide them with care during their vulnerable early years of life. |
| Ainsworth's types of toddler attachment | three distinct types of attachment: secure, insecure–avoidant, and insecure–resistant; later, researchers found evidence for a rare fourth classification, disorganized-disoriented |
| when autism is usually first dx'd | usually first diagnosed in toddlerhood between 18 and 30 months of age, although signs of it are evident earlier. |
| s/s autism | lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior. |
| rates of autism/autism spectrum disorder | 1 in 500 children, and in addition 4 in 100 have autistic spectrum disorder |
| displacement effect | toddlers watching too much TV to the detriment of other activities such as playing, talking, and gross motor activities |
| from age 3-6 typical American child grows ___ inches and adds ___ lbs | 2-3 in, 5-7 lbs |
| pace of physical development ___ in early childhood | slows |
| by age 3 children have a full set of how many baby teeth | 20 |
| ____ % of kids have cavities by age 5? | 40% |
| bundle of neurons connecting L and R hemispheres of cerebral cortex | corpus callosum |
| structure at base of brain involved in balance and motor movements | cerebellum |
| part of brain involved in attention | reticular formation |
| structure that facilitates memory | hippocampus |
| infantile amnesia | most people cannot remember anything before age 2 d/t immaturity of hippocampus |
| most common nutritional deficiency in US | Calcium |
| mortality rates of children in developing countries have declined d/t | improved food production, vaccines |
| most common malnutrition in developing countries & % of children affected | protein, 25% |
| each year, what % of 3-6 y/o need medical attn d/t injuries | 33% |
| in developed countries, most common cause of death in early childhood | car accidents |
| in developing countries, most common cause of early childhood death | illness/disease |
| Piaget's stage of early childhood (2-7) | Preoperational stage |
| Piaget's preoperational error - principle that amt of physical substance remains the same even if physical appearance changes (water, different size glasses) | Conservation |
| being too focused on 1 aspect of something | Centration |
| inability to mentally reverse an action | lack of reversibility |
| inability to distinguish btw your own perspective and another's "three mountains test" | egocentrism |
| tendency to attribute human thoughts/feelings to inanimate objects/forces | animism |
| preoperational substage - age 2-4, when children capable of representational thought as indicated thru language, imaginative play | symbolic function substage |
| preoperational substage, age 4-7, when children begin to think logically | intuitive thought substage |
| ability to understand thinking processes in one's self and others | theory of mind |
| the social rules of language | pragmatics |
| filial piety | In Asian cultures, children are expected to respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout their whole lives |
| familismo | Latino culture - expected to respect/obey/revere parents, bidirectional responsiveness |
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ginaadkison
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