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Psychology CH 2
Research Methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An approach to the examination of arguments based on skepticism, logical analysis, and insistence upon the importance of empirical evidence. | Critical Thinking |
| A science that obtains evidence by experience or experimentation. | Empirical Science |
| An approach to acquiring or confirming knowledge that is based on gathering measurable evidence through observation and experimentation. Evidence is often obtained to test hypotheses. | Scientific Method |
| Within the science of psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research. | Hypothesis |
| An association or relationship among variable, as we might find between height and weight or between study habits and school grades. | Correlation |
| A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study. | Selection Factor |
| Repeat, reproduce, copy. | Replicate |
| Part of a population. | Sample |
| A complete group of organisms or events (sample). | Population |
| To extend from the particular to the general; to apply observations based on a sample to a population. | Generalize |
| A sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate. | Random Sample |
| A sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample (in layers, %'s). | Stratified Sample |
| A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not. | Volunteer Bias |
| A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests. | Case Study |
| A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behaviors. | Survey |
| A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments. | Naturalistic Observation |
| A mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases. For example, there is a correlation between intelligence test scores and grades in school. | Correlational Method |
| A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables. | Correlation Coefficient |
| A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases. | Positive Correlation |
| A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases. | Negative Correlation |
| In experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment "geniea pigs". | Experimental Groups |
| In experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant. | Control Groups |
| A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine (sugar pills). | Placebo |
| In experimental terminology, being unaware of whether one has received a treatment or not. | Blind |
| A condition in which a researcher expects or desires a certain outcome in a research study, possibly affecting the outcome. | Experimenter Bias |
| A study in which neither the participants nor the observers know who has received the treatment. | Double-blind Study |
| Moral; referring to one's system of deriving standards for determining what is moral. | Ethical |
| A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments. | Informed Consent |
| To elicit information about a complete procedure. | Debrief |
| A concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state. | Consciousness |
| The focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus. | Selective Attention |
| Knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs. | Direct Inner Awareness |
| In psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention. | Preconscious |
| In psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness. | Unconscious |
| In psychodynamic theory, the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness (intentionally forgetting). | Repression |
| The deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness. | Suppression |
| Descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we cannot become conscious. We may "recognize" that our hair is growing but cannot directly experience the biological process. | Nonconscious |
| Referring to cycles that are connected with the 24 hour period of the Earth's rotation, AKA our "body clock." | Circadian Rhythm |
| Rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation. | Alpha Waves |
| The first four stages of sleep. | Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep |
| A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming. | Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep |
| Slow brain waves sometimes accompanied by a hypnagogic state. | Theta Waves |
| The drowsy interval between waking and sleeping characterized by a brief, hallucinatory, dreamlike experiences. | Hypnagogic State |
| Strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 3 and 4 sleep. | Delta Waves |
| Burst of brain activity only seen in stage 2 of NREM sleep. | Sleep Spindles |
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SSalvage139