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Psych Ch. 4

QuestionAnswer
when experiences cause us to...we call it... link things in the environment together...associative learning
classical conditioninng involves learning to associate a neutral (meaningless) stimulus in our environment with a different, meaningful stimulus that is very important to us because of its “ability” to elicit a response.
temporal contiguity When things are closely linked together in time
acquisition is when...occurs learning
unconditioned stimuli and unconditioned responses are unlearned
the US always automatically causes the UR
conditioned stimuli and conditioned responses are learned
acquisition occurs when the CS causes the CR
delay conditioning the conditioned stimulus (CS) should start just before (∼0.5 sec) and overlap a bit with the unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus generalization things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) also produce the conditioned response (CR).
stimulus extinction This breaking of an association
spontaneous recovery occurs after a brief rest period that is free from testing
learning vs. performance what we know is sometimes different from what we’re capable of doing at any given moment
conditioned taste adversion is...and is considered.... Experiencing sickness after eating a food, especially a new food, forms a powerful association ...classical conditioning
Law of Effect suggests that behaviors that have happy endings are repeated, and that behaviors that produce unhappy consequences will instead be avoided in the future
reinforcement is a process that increases the probability of the behavior being repeated
two types of reinforcement are positive and negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement or...means.. reward...you get something nice from your environment to encourage you to do the same thing again
Negative reinforcement assumes there is...and if you do the right behavior... already something yucky going on...the environment will react be taking away the yucky thing.
negative reinforcement allows you to...and this is often called.. escape...escape learning
another possibility within negative reinforcement is...in this case, avoidance learning...the yucky thing doesn’t happen because a situation is totally avoided.
how do you get rid of a behavior? punishment
punishment comes in two forms punishment by application and by removal
punishment by application is about giving something yucky to stop a behavior
punishment by removal, is about taking away something nice that is usually there, again with the goal of stopping a behavior
In shaping, we will positively reinforce each little step
These little steps that get closer and closer to a goal behavior are called successive approximations
schedules of reinforcement are the...for the.. rules...delivery of reinforcement
continuous schedule of reinforcement is the...and on this schedule, behaviors are... simplets...reinforced every time
A more common schedule of reinforcement is called...and in these cases,... intermittent or partial...some sort of rule, or schedule, has to be followed to get the reward.
a fixed ratio schedule would mean that the child has to say, “please,” an exact number of times before she is given candy
On the other hand, a variable ratio schedule would mean that the child has to say, “please,” an unpredictable number of times before she gets candy.
a fixed interval schedule would mean that the child has to wait an exact amount of time after seeing the candy to say “please” before her dad will buy her candy.
a variable interval schedule would mean that an unpredictable amount of time has to pass after she sees the candy before saying “please” for her dad to buy her candy.
behaviors learned from a ...schedule are easiest to stop continuous
habituation is the result of repeated exposure to a single stimulus.
habituation occurs without forming ...and is referred to as a type of... associations...nonassociative learning
another type of nonassociative learning is...and occurs as the result of... sensitization...repetition of a single stimulus
Alfred Bandura’s theory of social learning or ...suggests that learning can occur when we... observational learning...imitate others
who are you more likely to model people you love/admire
vicarious reinforcement is used to describe situations where even though...it still... it is directly experienced by someone else...affects you
if you see a student asked to leave for texting in class, this...is likely to vicarious punishment...decrase your texting in class
memory is the process of forming memories, storing those memories, and later being able to recall the information.
information processing model conceives of memory as a...with info being...then...and later... computer like system...entered(encoding)...retained (storage)...being accessed when needed
In order to create memories, the first step is to go through the process of memory encoding
the stage model of memory has...which are.. three steps...sensory memory > working memory <-> long term memory
sensory emmory is like an...that...as we... entry portal...captures a stimulus ever so briefly...decide whether or not we need to pay attention to it
Information doesn’t always...after it enters the... disappear...sensory stage
The working memory register retains information for about 20 to 30 seconds, which is why it is sometimes referred to as short-term memory.
the capacity of the working memory is 5-9 units of info
maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating things over and over to yourself until you can write it down
we can retain info in the working memory as long as we continue to think about it actively
long term memory is where info that is processed deeply goes
long-term memory is unlimited in its capacity and can hold info indefinitely
automatic processing is when we engage in tasks with which we have a lot of practice
effortful processing requires concentrate and fully attend to the situation
Explicit memory is memory that we can consciously recall and overtly declare
explicit memory is sometimes called declaritive memory bec we can put it into words
explicit mem is divided into semantic and episodic memories
semantic memory includes all of the facts and general knowledge that you have accumulated over time
episodic memory includes all personal experiences from your history
episodic memory is called this because you can recall these events in picture form
implicit memory is not easily put into words and is recalled without conscious effort
implicit memory is considered..and one example of it is nondeclaritive...procedural memory
procedural memory is for how to do things like tie shoes, bake bread, shoot basketballs
implicit memories include...which occurs when you are... priming...presented with a stimulus which primes or prepares you to respond a certain way in the future
one model for how info is represented in the mind is the...which suggests that we.. semantic network model...store concepts in our minds by connecting them to other related concepts
free recall is the ability to retrieve info from memory without any cues or hints
cued recall involves..and is also called... providing a hint or prompt...retrieval cue
recognition involves simply choosing froma set of options or recognizing the correct answer
memory is improved by elaboration
elaboration means processing information with intention, thinking about it deeply, coming up with examples, and connecting it to things in your own life.
chunking is the process of grouping several individual pieces of information into one larger meaningful unit
serial position effect means we are betterat...while... remembering info at the beginning and end of a list...info in the middle tends to be more prone to memory loss
primacy means that the things at the beginning of a list are easier to remember bec when they are presented... there is no other competing info that has been given to us yet
recency means that the items at the.. end of the list are easy to recall bec they are the most recent in our minds
encoding specificity principle means that the way info is...affects... encoded...later recall
Another example of the encoding specificity principle is state-dependent memory
state-dependent memory means our memories are affected both by the environment and the emotional state we are in when we encode the information
shallow processing involves... processing the material in a very superficial, surface-level fashion. Memory
deep processing ensures...and it requres you to... info is qualitatively understood and preserved...penetrate the surface and think about the meaning of info you are trying to commmit to memory
deep processing is the truest form of elaboration
the self reference effect is the final technique of.. applying the concept to yourself
you are more likely to remember something if you...which is called...than if you engage in...which is trying to... study several times over several days...spaced practice...massed practice...cram
type of memory that many people struggle with on a daily basis is ..which is memory for... prospective memory...things in the future
when you learn something there is initially a...but after this, the curve...and forgetting is much... . all of this is the result of the... large reduction in amount of info that is remembered...tapers off...more gradual until we are left with the material that we retain indefinitely...forgetting curve
Many times, when we feel as though we forgot something, the problem is...which is called... really that we never encoded the information to begin with....encoding failure
two theories about how and why we forget things are decay theory and interference theory
decay theory means that over time... memories begin to fade away as a result of natural metabolic processes in the brain
if the memories are not reviewed and refreshed then the...which is the...breaks down memory trace...structural or chemical change that occured in the brain to create the memory
the interference theory suggest that info is not forgotten, but is difficult or impossible to access bec it competes/interferes with existing memories
two kinds of interference proactive and retroactiv
Retroactive interference occurs when the creation of a new memory interferes with your ability to recall an old memory
Proactive interference is the opposite experience and occurs when you have difficulty committing some new information to memory because it competes with information you already have stored.
example of retroactive would be trying to remember last years class scheduole
ex of proactive would be writing 2012 in 2013
suppression is a type of...that involves... motivated forgetting...deliberately trying to push info out of your mind
repression is a form of...which occurs... motivated forgetting...unconsciously
infantile amnesia is the general inability to recall events from the first three years of life
Imagination inflation is one of the causes of the...and is when someine continues to.. false memories...visualize the scenario and add more false facts
Imagination inflation is related to the experience of ...or... source confusion...forgetting the originof a memory
misinformation, or..., also creates being given false or misleading info...memory distortion
flashbulb memories are memories from special, emotionally-charged events
memories are not...but instead are... localized...distributed throughout the brain
the...is involved in holding information for temporary storage in working memory pre frontal cortex
if info is to be converted from short to long term memory is goes to the hippocampus
memory consolidation is...and is done by the... establishing memories over the long term...hippocampus and surrounding structures
amygdala processes...cerebellum is active for...the frontal lobes are involved in... emotional memores..procedural memories(riding a bike)...autobiographical and episodic memories (kissing)
long term potentiation occurs as the...which leads to...increases same neural circuit is activated more and more...speed of firing, strength of connected between neurons and the amount of neurotransmitters that are released...
retrograde amnesia is the loss of info learned before the time of injury
anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories
anterograde amnesia patients lack the ability to...but can... create explicit long term memories...create new implicit memories like procedural memories
dementia is nto a...but describes a... specific disease...grouop of disorders that afffect the brain and impair an individual's ability to carry out daily tasks
alzhiemers disease is the most common disease that causes dementia
alzhiemers results from an abnormal build up of plaques and tangles in brain cells
Created by: handrzej
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