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Chapter 21
Pharmacokinetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mechanism of action | how the drug works |
| DOC | drug of choice |
| Drug salts may end in what? | Mesylate, Tartrate, Citrate, Hydrochloride, Sodium, Potassium |
| Drugs within the same class often have similar what? | mechanisms of action, adverse effects, contraindications |
| First line drugs have what? | acceptable adverse effect profile |
| Pharmacokinetics | study of the movement of and changes in the drug within the body |
| 4 parts of pharmacokinetics | absobtion, distribution, metabolism, elimination |
| absorbtion | how drug gets into bloodstream |
| 3 drug absorbtion factors | pH of compartment (organ), lipid solubility, vascularity of administration site |
| When would a drug remain intact in the body? | if acidity of drug and acidity of body environment is similar |
| When would a drug ionize in the body? | pH of drug and body are not similar |
| How are drugs absorbed? | as intact molecules |
| What kind of drugs pass easily through the cell membrane? | lipid soluble drugs |
| Where do lipid soluble drugs not remain? | plasma |
| What are the 2 highly lipid soluble drugs? | CNS drugs, anesthetics |
| What can highly lipid soluble drugs pass through to deliver medicine? | blood brain barrier to get to brain |
| Where does the drug distribute to throughout the body? | free in plasma or bound to plasma proteins and fat |
| Where are highly lipid soluble drugs stored? | fatty tissues or as protein drug complexes |
| What are the fatty tissues highly lipid soluble drugs are stored in? | liver, spleen, CNS, adipose tissue |
| What are protein-drug complexes bound to? | tissue proteins and plasma proteins |
| Drugs bound to proteins exist in equillibrium between what? | between bound drugs and free drugs in plasma |
| What type of drug can be eliminated from the body? | free drugs |
| Volume of Distribution | volume of space the drug occupies in the body |
| Large volume of distribution (Vd) | drug distributed to different body compartments |
| small volume of distribution (Vd) | drug concentrated in one place |
| Loading dose | large initial dosage to quickly reach theraputic levels |
| Drug metabolism | drugs undergo changes in the body (can be in any organ, but mainly in liver) |
| Drugs are metabolized by what? | enzymes |
| Contraindicate | possible side effects of a drug or drugs taken together |
| Cytochrome P450 | group of enzymes involved in metabolism of most drugs |
| To understand adverse effects of a drug, you have to understand what? | mechanism of drug's action and physiology background |
| What alters drug half lives? | altering clearance rate, pH, altering elimination rate, kidney/liver dysfunction, acetylcholines or enterohepatic recycling |
| What is a drug half life influced by? | rate of elimination, how quick;ly drug is inactivated by enzymes |
| drug half life | time it takes for 1/2 of drug dosage to clear the body |
| acetylcholines | |
| enterohepatic recycling | |
| electrolytes | Na, K, Ca, Cl |
| How are blood gas levels measured? | PO2 and CO2 levels in blood |
| What does a blood gas level test determine? | respiratory function |
| high vs. low blood glucose level | high- diabetic, low- hypoglycemia |
| tests for liver function | SGOT, SGPT, LDH, ALT, AST |
| What do liver function tests measure? | activity and levels of serum enzymes |
| What are the tests for renal function? | Blood Urea Nitrogen Levels (BUN), Creatinine and Cleatinine Clearance Levels |
| antagonistic effect | one drug blocks the action of another drug |
| synergistic effect | 2 drugs have the same effect, combined effect is greater than the sum of the drugs effects (5+5=20) |
| addictive effect | 2 drugs have the same effect, 2 effects added together (5+5=10) |
| Weak agonists normalize activity when? | when there are high levels of strong agonists |
| weak agonists | act as the agonist until a stronger one comes along, then it may become antagonist |
| When can a receptor be stimulated? | at the moment of contact |
| How does an antagonist drug work? | prevents function of the receptor by binding to it and either not stimulating it or blocking it from other agents |
| antagonist | a drug that decreases or prevents actions of another drug |
| How does an agonist mimic a substance's actions? | by stimulating cellular or biochemichal pathway or stopping the breakdown of endogenous substances |
| endogenous substance | natural substance in body replaced by agonist |
| agonist | drug that mimics the actions of a substance in the body |
| What happens when drugs compete for the same enzyme? | limits enzyme activity and cuases increases levels of the drug in the blood because there are not enough enzymes |
| The body expels drug through what? | lungs, urine, and bile |
| Most drugs bind to what protein? | albumin |
| What are the 3 drug-drug interaction absorbtion levels? | binding interactions, change in pH of environment, and change in local blood flow |
| Drug interactions occur during what? | absorbtion, distribution (protein binding), and clearance |
| elimination vs. clearance | elimination- remove from the body, clearance- remove from the plasma |
Created by:
TaylorRabalais
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