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Ch21Pharmacokinetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many drugs are treated with ____ , _____, and are a ____ of the original drug | weak acid, weak base, salt |
| Are drug salts normally indicated on a prescription? | Not unless a particular form is a necessity or is the best choice. |
| Drug salts may end in ____________________ | Mesylate, Tartrate, Citrate, Hydrochloride, Sodium, or Potassium |
| A drug name may indicate ________ or _______ | drug class, use |
| Brand names may take part of the _____ name as the ______ name | generic, trade |
| Define mechanism of action | how the drug works |
| Drugs within the same class often have similar ___________, __________, _________ | mechanisms of action, adverse effects, contraindications |
| Drug of Choice means: | a drug or drug class that is superior in treating certain conditions |
| (DOC) First line in drugs have ______________ profile | acceptable adverse effect |
| If the DOC doesn't work, the _____ line is prescribed | second, then third, then fourth, etc |
| 2nd, 3rd, 4th line drugs are ________________ or have more _________________________ | less effective, adverse effects |
| Pharmacokinetics: | the study of movement of and changes in the drug within the body |
| What are the 4 parts of Pharmacokinetics? | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination |
| Absorption: | how the drug gets into the blood stream |
| Why are IV drugs NOT absorbed? | they are directly injected into the bloodstream, so there is no method of the body getting it to the bloodstream. |
| What are 3 drug absorption factors? | pH of the compartment, lipid solubility, and the vascularity of administration site |
| A drug reacts with the __________ of the _______ ______________ it enters | environment, body compartment |
| If the __________ of a drug and the body environment is similar the drug remains _______ | acidity, intact |
| If the __________ of a drug and the body environment are dissimilar, the drug ________. | acidity, ionizes |
| Drugs are only ________ as intact ________, not as dissolved ________ or ___________ particles. | absorbed, molecules, salts, ionized |
| Drugs are better absorbed in ______ ________________ | like environments |
| If the body cavity pH is altered, will the drug uptake be altered as well? | Yup. |
| Lipid soluble drugs pass easily through the _______ ____________. | cell membrane |
| Lipid soluble drugs do not _______ in the ______ as it is highly _________ __________ | remain, plasma, water soluble |
| Highly lipid soluble drugs include: | Most CNS drugs, anesthetics |
| More blood vessels at the _______ ______ causes the drug to be __________ faster | absorption site, absorbed |
| What is the difference between distribution and absorption? | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Once the drug enters the bloodstream it _______________ throughout the body | disseminates |
| During drug distribution, part of the drug remains _____________ | free in the plasma |
| During drug distribution, the other part may be _______ either ____________ or in fat | stored, bound to plasma proteins |
| Highly ________ _______ drugs are stored in __________ _________ including: liver, spleen, CNS, and stored fat | lipid soluble, fatty tissue |
| Highly lipid soluble drugs are also stored as _________-______ complexes bound to: ____________ proteins or _________ proteins | protein-drug, tissue, plasma |
| What are examples of plasma and tissue proteins? | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Drugs bound to proteins exist in ___________ between ___________ and "______"_______ in the plasma (not necessarily 1:1 ratio) | equilibrium, bound drug, free drug |
| Only a _______ ________ has a therapeutic __________ and can be ___________ from the body | free drug, effect, eliminated |
| What is Volume of Distribution? | the volume of space the drug occupies in the body |
| A large volume of distribution is _______________________________________________ | a drug distributed throughout different body compartments |
| A small volume of distribution is _____________________________________________ | a drug concentrated in only one place |
| What is a loading dose? | a large initial dose used to quickly reach therapeutic levels |
| Where does drug metabolism usually occur? | liver |
| Drugs are metabolized by what in the liver? | enzymes |
| Certain enzymes differ by ____ and ___________. | age, gender |
| What is Cytochrome P450? | cytochrome mixed function oxidase system; involved in metabolism of most drugs in the liver, main component of cellular respiration |
| What is Drug clearance? | removal of the drug from the plasma |
| What is drug elimination? | removal of the drug from the body |
| Drug clearance is typically performed by the __________ or __________ | kidney, liver |
| In the process of elimination, the drug is secreted by the _________, moved to the ________ then __________ | liver, bile, feces |
| Define contraindicate | medications that react to each other |
| Define mechanism of action | the way the drug works |
| What is the first line of drugs, second line, etc? | deals with DOC (drug of choice) |
| Define a drug half-life | the amount of time it takes for half of the drug dosage to clear the body |
| Half life is influenced by what two things? | Rate of elimination; how quickly a drug might be inactivated in the body by enzymes |
| What alters drug half-lives? | altering clearance rates, pH, elimination rate; renal or liver dysfunction can decrease the elimination rate |
| What is acetylcholine? | a neurotransmitter that has the ability to be recycled. Used in CNS and PNS for muscle contractions, thought processes, etc. |
| What is enterohepatic recycling? | reuse of drug particles filtered from bile back into the bloodstream |
Created by:
trevordarnell
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