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MN-LXMO Core Module
Limited Scope X-Ray Operator for MN Core Module
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Supine | Lying on the back |
| Prone | Lying face down |
| Decubitus | Lying down with a horizontal x-ray beam |
| Recumbent | Lying down in any position |
| Anterior Position | Facing the film |
| Posterior position | Facing the radiographic Tube |
| Oblique Position | (erect or lying down) |
| Left Anterior Oblique (LAO) | Body rotated with the left anterior closest to the film |
| Right Anterior Oblique (RAO) | Body rotated with the right posterior portion closest to the film |
| Recorded Detail | The sharpness of the structural lines as recorded int he radiographic image |
| Density | The degree of blackening or opacity of an area in a radiograph due to the accumulation of black metallic silver following exposure and processing of a film |
| Contrast | the visible differences between any two selected areas of density levels within the radiographic image |
| Film Latitude | Inherent ability of the film to record a long range of density levels on the radiograph |
| Film Contrast | Inherent ability of the film emulsion to react to radiation and record a range of densities |
| Exposure Latitude | The range of exposure factors which will produce a diagnostic radiograph |
| Subject Contrast | The difference in the quantity of radiation transmitted by a particular part as a result of the difference absorption characteristics of the tissues and structures making up that part |
| 1.The link between radiation dose and genetic effects? | *The links has been demonstrated in animal studies. *Increased risk to humans cannot be predicted with respect to an individual. (NOTE: the link has not nor ever will be demonstrated in human studies!) |
| 2.What change in kilovoltage (kVP)will result in the greatest reduction of patient dose, when mAs is adjusted to compensate for the change? | Increase kVp by 30% |
| 3.What image receptor (IR) system speeds will result in the lowest patient dose? | Faster-speed IR system |
| 4.What is the primary purpose of using gonad shielding? | To reduce the likelihood of genetic effects |
| 5.Name some common types of gonad shielding | Contact and shadow |
| 6.When should gonad shielding be used? | When gonads are within 5 cm of the radiation field |
| 7.The greatest cause of unnecessary radiation to patients that can be controlled by the limited operator is | Repeat Exposures |
| 8.The LXMO can reduce repeat exposures by | Clearly instructing patients |
| 9.How does x-ray beam restriction minimize patient exposure? | Limits the radiation field to the area of interest |
| 10.What is the device that allows the limited operator to vary the size of the radiation field? | The Collimator |
| 11.Howe does filtration reduce patient exposure? | It removes longer-wavelength photons |
| 12.What is the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommendation for the amount of total filtration? | 2.5 aluminum equivalent (Al equiv) |
| 13.What are the three principal methods used to protect limited operators from unnecessary radiation exposure? | Time, distance and shielding |
| 14.Name three types of shielding | Apron, Glove and thyroid shield |
| 15.The LXMO may need to remain in the room during exposure. What is the source of the greatest radiation hazard under this circumstance? | Scatter radiation from the patient |
| 16.What is the term for radiation that escapes from the x-ray tube housing? | Leakage |
| 17.Why are LXMO prohibited from activities that result in direct exposure to the primary x-ray beam? | They are considered occupationally exposed individuals |
| 18.Distance | The operator should maximize the distance from the source during exposure |
| 19.Shielding worn for personnel protection is designed to attenuate what source of exposure? | Scatter |
| 20.Acronym for common personal dosimeter | TLD |
| 21.What is the recommended placement for a personnel dosimeter on the body of the limited operator | Badges should be worn in the region of the collar on the anterior surface of the the body and outside the lead apron |
| 22.What is the NCRP recommended annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure? | 5.0 rem |
| 23.What is the NCRP recommended monthly effective (or equivalent)dose limit to the fetus for a pregnant worker | 0.05 rem |
| 24.Radiation monitoring of personnel is required when what percentage of the annual occupation effective dose limit is likely to be received? | 10% |
| 25.What is the conventional (British System) radiation unit to express radiation intensity in air? | Roentgen |
| 26.The conventional (British system) unit commonly used to report occupation dose to radiation workers in the United States is the | rem. |
| 27.What is the conventional (British System) radiation unit of absorbed dose? | Rad |
| 28.According to the Bergonie-Tribondeau law, what types of cells are most radiosensitive? | Embryonic tissue |
| 29.What type of radiation effects is typical of the risk of a patient undergoing a diagnostic x-ray examination? | Stochastic effects |
| 30.What occurs with a high radiation dose? | Short-term somatic effects & Nonstochastic effects |
| 31.What is erythema | Reddening of the skin caused by high radiation dose |
| 32.What is the guiding philosophy of radiation protection? | ALARA As low as reasonably achievable |
| 33.What is true of current scientific opinion 33.regarding the effects of diagnostic levels of ionizing radiation? | There is increased risk of cancer, leukemia, birth defects, and cataracts. |
| 34.What changes can be made to decrease patient dose? | Using faster intensifying screens & Increasing the kVp using the 15% rule |
| 35.When radiation exposure occurs during 35.pregnancy, the greatest risk of birth defects occurs when the exposure: | Exceeds 5 rad to the uterus & Occurs within the first trimester of pregnancy |
| 36.What are the four essential elements required for x-ray production? | A target, a vacuum, an electron source, and a high potential difference |
| 37.The target of the x-ray tube is made of: | Tungsten |
| 38.The greatest portion of the x-ray beam is made up of: | bremsstrahlung radiation |
| 39.The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the: | kilovoltage (kVp) |
| 40.What function involves the auto-transformer? | kVp selection |
| 41.The process of causing alternating current to flow in one direction only is called: | rectification |
| 42.Nearly all new x-ray machines manufactured today use _______ generators | High-Frequency |
| 43.What is the standard control limit for the field light to radiation field alignment test? | ±5% of SID |
| 44.What is the standard control limit for the beam (central ray) alignment test? | Within 1 degree of perpendicular |
| 45.How often should lead aprons and gloves be checked for cracks or holes? | Every 6 months |
| 46.At what kVp levels do Comption interactions occur? | Throughout the diagnostic radiology kVp range |
| 47.What is used to test film/screen contact? | Wire mesh tool |
| 48.What are the prime factors of exposure in radiography? | mA, exposure time, kVp, and distance (SID) |
| 49.What factors will result in increased radiographic density? | Increased mA Increased exposure time Increased kVp |
| 50.if the radiographic image is overexposed, what changes in exposure factors should be used to correct the problem? | Decrease mAs |
| 51.The relationship between SID and beam intensity is expressed in the: | Inverse square law |
| 52.What are the four primary aspects of radiographic quality? | Density, contrast, distortion and recorded detail |
| 53.Contrast is primarily controlled by: | kVp |
| 54.Fog affects radiographic quality by causing: | Decreased contrast |
| 55.A change from the small focal spot to the large focal spot will result in: | Decreased image sharpness |
| 56.An increase in object-image distance (OID) will result in: | Increased magnification |
| 57.Motion of the patient, tube, or the IR during an exposure will result in decreased: | Recorded detail |
| 58.Quantum mottle or graininess in the radiographic image because of the size and 58.distribution of film and/or screen crystals affects image quality by decreasing the radiographic: | Recorded detail |
| 59.Quantum mottle is only a problem with: | Very fast speed IR systems |
| 60.Name some factors which can increase recorded detail: | Increase in SID and decreased focal spot size |
| 61.Intensifying screen speed is defined as: | The efficiency of a screen in converting x-rays to light |
| 62.What is the proper method for storing unopened boxes of x-ray film? | Standing on edge |
| 63.Which of the following describe the characteristics curve of a film with wide latitude and long scale contrast? | more horizontal and wide curve |
| 64.What controls the amount of replenisher added in automatic processing? | The size of the film passing over an intake sensor |
| 65.Name the steps in automatic processing in their correct sequence: | Developer, fixer, wash, dry |
| 66.What two specialized instruments are required for monitoring processor performance? | Densitometer and sensitometer |
| 67.Marks, exposures, or images on a radiograph that are not a part of the intended image are called: | Artifacts |
| 68.What factors can affect the quantity of scatter radiation fog on a radiograph? | Field size and kVp |
| 69.If the size of the x-ray field increases, what happens to scatter radiation fog on a radiograph? | Scatter radiation fog increases also |
| 70.If the amount of irradiated tissue increases, what happens the scatter radiation fog? | Scatter radiation fog increases also |
| 71.What is the principal source of scatter radiation in radiography? | The patient |
| 72.The most effective and practical way to reduce scatter radiation fog on | Use a bucky or a grid |
| 73.As the general rule, a grid should be employed when the part thickness is greater than: | 12 cm |
| 74.Technique charts are based on patient part measurements obtained using an x-ray caliper and are expressed as: | Thickness in centimeters |
| 75.What pathological disorders would require a decrease in exposure? | *Multiple myeloma *emphaysema *osteoporosis |
| 76.How will the anode heel effect, if possible, be seen on an image? | Image will be lighter on the anode end than on the cathode end |
| 77.What radiographic quality factor is most affected by angulation of the central ray, part, or IR? | Distortion |
| 78.What is the recommendation for a hard-copy image that is mislabeled? | A sticker with the correct information should be applied to the hard-copy image. |
| 79.Use of a relative speed (RS) 100 screen with the mAs set for a RS 300 screen will result in what outcome? | Insufficient density |
| 80.IR exposure with a kVp higher than needed for the particular anatomic structures will result in | Insufficient contrast |
| 81 & 82.What will result in a screen/film image with poor recorded detail? | Poor screen and film contact in the IR & Patient motion |
| 83.What could result in a screen/film image with excessive magnification of image structures? Hint:Greater SID or IOD than recommended for body part. | IOD |
| 84.Improper positioning of the anatomic structure on the IR will result in what? | a screen/film image with excessive distortion of image structures. |
| 85.Which screen/film image artifact looks like lightning? | Static artifact |
| 86.Which of the following would be a violation of patient confidentiality? | A LMXO talks to his friend during lunch about a patient's imaging procedure |
| 87.What is true of informed consent? | Informed consent may be revoked by at any time & The patient must be legally competent to sign |
| A LMXO innocently commits an error as a result of following the orders of his/her employer, a physician. The employer may be held responsible according to the: | Doctrine of respondeat superior |
| Communication has been "validated" when the speaker has__________. | Received a response from the listener that demonstrates comprehension. |
| 92. which term refers to any medium that transports microorganisms? | vehicle |
| what type of disease transmission is possible when the limited operator does not clean the Bucky device after performing an examination on a patient with influenza? | Fomite transmission |
| 94.Standard precautions involve the uses of barriers whenever contact is anticipated with what? | Blood Body fluids and Mucous membranes |
| 95. The process of reducing the probability that infectious organisms will be transmitted to a susceptible individual is called _____? | asepsis |
| What is the most common site for palpation of patient's pulse? | Radial artery at the wrist |
Created by:
lroseissa22
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