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Psych exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychology is the | scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| behavior=...mental processes=... | overt...covert |
| scientific= | systematic observation |
| goals of psychology | describe, explain, predict, change |
| critical thinking is thinking about | discipline critically |
| thinking about discipline critically involves understanding the...forming...gathering...and the multiple ways to understanding like... | purpose...questions...info...interpreting info, incorporatin diff pts of view, understanding implications and consequences |
| thinking w/ dischipline means to familiarize yourself with | concepts and use vocab |
| fundamental vs powerful concepts: staircase metaphor | landings= f and p concepts, stairs = vocabg |
| major themes of psych | psych is a science, b=f(p+e+pe), psychology ecolution in sociohistorical concext and sociocultural contexts effect on concept understanding and application |
| 2 major approaches or...to studying behavior are... | paradigms...constructivism and logical positivism |
| constructivism means no...so observations are... | single overall truth...subjective |
| logical postivism means behavior | exists independent of the observer and can be studied objectively |
| scientific methodology | idea/theory, predictions, study deisgn, test hypo, analysis, conclusion formation based on statistical findings |
| 3 forms of researh methods | descriptive, correlational, experimental |
| descriptive includes | naturalistic observation, case study, survey |
| correlational explains | how two things are related (+,-,0) |
| experimental isolates | cause by manipulating variable |
| experimental involves | hypo, independent and dependent variable |
| independent variable is the | control group |
| dependent variable is the | experimental group |
| descriptive statistics involves using | measures of central tendency (mean median and mode) and measures of variability (sd and range) |
| inferential statistics also known as...and what question is asked... | making judgements...can the effect of the Iv on th DV be 95% certain? |
| meta analysis is a summary of | multiple analysis |
| correlation coefficient | which is a point on the number line |
| Psychology is a discipline that is grounded in science and involves | research endeavor and applied professions |
| places of work | universities, hospitals, goverment/va medical centers, business/nonprofit etc |
| types of mental health practitioners | Clinical and Counseling Psychologist,Clinical Social Worker, mental health counselor, psychiatrist |
| cell body contains | typical cellular structures that synthesize proteins and produce energy for the neuron, as well as the nucleus that contains genetic material. |
| dendrites recieve | info |
| axons | send info out |
| axon terminal contains | everything needed for transfer of information to another neuron. |
| myelin sheet acts like a | protector of info and speeds up the transfer |
| glial cells provide...as well as...by providing..., regulating...and... | structural support for neurons...functional support...nutrition to neurons...levels of certain chemicals in brain...removing waste products |
| resting potential | internal change (-70 mv) |
| action potential =...and when external... | actual electrical signal...signals stimulate a neuron, the neuron fires |
| refractory period means no more...until the | APS...membrane restores balance of ions |
| all or none principle | all that needs to happen is depolarization to threshold |
| synapse is the area where | the axon terminal of one neuron communicates with the dendrite or cell body of another neuron |
| vesicles are..filled with...and release that into... | small spheres...chemicals...synapse |
| receptors are...and can only recognize | proteins...specific chemicals in a lock and key manner |
| postsynaptic potential is a | localized change in the internal charge of the neuron |
| reuptake involves | taking chemicals back up into the presynaptic axon terminal |
| ach is the neurotransmitter at the...and it also plays a role in | neuromuscular junction...learning and memory (alzheimers) |
| dopamine plays a role in... | schizophrenia, drug reward, movement disorders and it prevents shakes of parkinsons |
| serotonin regulates | hunger, sleep, arousal and aggresive behaviorNE |
| NE helps control | mood and arousal |
| gaba is the major | inhibitory neurot |
| glutamate is the major...and is essential... | excitatory neurot...for almost all brain activitie |
| endorphins decrease...and increase... | pain...pleasure |
| the neural tube is the part of the.. | embryo from which the brain and spinal cord arise. |
| synaptogenesis is the | birth of new synapses |
| synaptic pruning is the process by which | unused connnections are eliminated to allow for more efficient transfer of info throughout the ns |
| programmed cell death is the removal of...because... | excess neurons...the developing brain produces many more neurons than are needed |
| neurogenesis is the | birth of new neurons |
| natural selection allows | for randomly occuring changes in inherited traits to become mroe prevalent in the population if the changes result in an adaptive advantage |
| environment selects the | changes that allow the animal to survive |
| genes are the units of | heredity located on chromosomes |
| medulla is located in the...and is responsible for...such as.. | hindbrain...basic life functions...breathing and heart rate/reflexes like coughing and sneezing |
| reticular formation runs through the...and is involved in.. | hindbrian and midbrain (brainstem)...regulating level of arousal, attention and sleep |
| reticular formation contains sets of...that project their...up to... | neurons...axons...areas of the brain and down into the spinal cord |
| hypothalamus is located in the..which is the... | forebrain...uppermost and largest |
| hypothalamus regulates | body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleep |
| hypothalamus serves as the link between the | brain and endocrine system |
| hypothalamus controsl the | ANS |
| after passing through the midbrain, sensory info travels up to a...structure known as the... | forebrain..thalamus |
| the thalamus processes all | sensory info except smell and relays it to higher brain areas in cerebral cortex |
| occipital lobe is where...is relayed from the... | visual info...thalamus |
| temporal lobe recieves | incoming info about sounds that are processed int he primary auditory cortex |
| parietal lobe processes info about...such as... | body sensations...touch, temp and pain |
| parietal lobe processes its info in the | somatosensory cortex |
| somatosensory cortex is organized according to...and distinct areas within the cortex receive info from | body parts...touch receptors located in specific locations of the body |
| the pons is where...crosses to the...such that the... | motor info...opposite side of the brain...left hemisphere is controlling the right side of the body |
| cerebellum is important for | motor coordination |
| substantia nigra is a...structure that contains | midbrain..dopamine cell bodies |
| striatum is where the dopamine cell bodies project...and is a..structure... | their axons...forebrain |
| frontal lobe processes | voluntary motor movements |
| motor cortex is a part of the...and controls.. | frontal lobe...different body parts |
| mirror neurons are sets of...in the...that are active when... | neurons...motor cortex...when you watch other people perform the same movement |
| the limbic system is located...and it plays a critical role in | beneath cerebral cortex...emotions |
| amygdala is an..shaped structure made up of...and is involved in... | almond...collections of neuron cell bodies...variety of emotions and emotional memories |
| amygdala is importnat for | recognizing and responding to stimuli that induce fear |
| hippocampus is critically involved in | certain types of learning and memory |
| prefrontal cortex is just behind the...and is the area involved in a number of different functions such as... | forehead...short-term(working)memory |
| prefrontal cortex has also been implicated in...such as.. | higher executive functions...reasoning, planning, deicison making, inhibition of inappropriate behavior |
| brocas area is part of the...and is resonsible for | frontal lobe...production of langua |
| people with damage to brocas area have difficulty...but are able to... | speaking...understand speech |
| wernicke's area is within the...and is responsible for... | temporal lobe...understanding language |
| damage to wernicke's area causes a person to be unable to...although they can... | understand written or spoken language...speak and write normally |
| association cortex is responsible for the planning of...and processing/integration of... | movements...sensory inputs with memories |
| energy forms include | light waves for sight, sound waves for hearing, mechanical for feeling through skin, chemical for taste and smell |
| sensory receptors detect | energy forms |
| absolute threshold is the | smallest stimulus intensit ythat can be detected |
| difference threshold is | detecting the difference between two sensory stimuli |
| weber's law means the diff threshold in any given situation is | proportional to the intesity of the original stimulus |
| sensory adaptaion occurs when our senses are...and the sensory receptors... | exposed to a constant stimulus...eventually stop sending neural signals to the brain |
| bottom-up processing refers to processing info at the level of the...and putting together... | sensory receptors first...those individual bits of info to make a whole |
| top-down processing involves observing...as a...and then... | environment and its stimuli...whole...draw on our experiences and expectations about the world to generate a perception |
| light energy is | visible light |
| pupil is where | light enters the eye |
| lens is behind the...and is a structure that... | pupil..focuses light as it enters the eye |
| retina is at the...of the eyeball and is a...that contains...and is where..occurs | very back...thin membrane...sensory receptors...transduction |
| photoreceptors are the...and there are two types... | sensory receptor cells in the retina..rods and cones |
| rods are responsible for | low levels of light |
| cones are responsible for | brighter levels of light |
| which do we have more of, rods or cones? | rods |
| fovea contains...and is the point of... | only cones...central focus |
| optic disc is a section of the...that doesn't have any... | retina..rods or cones |
| optic disc is the place where the...that forms the...leaves the... | bundle of nerve fibers...optic nerve...retina |
| blind spot is the | optic disc |
| bipolar cells are special neurons that collect | the neural signals from photoreceptors and pass themf orward to the next layer of cells |
| there are far fewer...than there are... | ganglion cells...rods or cones in retina |
| ganglion cells receive | visual info from a hundred or more rods and have to integrate all of the info into one signal |
| optic nerve is formed from | axons of the ganglion cells in the retinaoptic |
| optic chiasm is where...and then... | optic nerves meet..fibers from each nerve cross over to the other side of the brain |
| visual cortex is where | every aspect of visual info is analyzed and interpreted |
| feature detectors are...locatedin the...and they decode... | cells...visual cortex...every element of the incoming info |
| mechanical energy uses...to sense... | touch receptors...skin sensations |
| nociceptors are for...and are... | pain...free nerve endings |
| gate-control theory | The idea is that there are pain “gates” or pathways in the spinal cord, and these gates can either be closed or opened depending on feedback from both directions: the brain, or the site of pain itself. |
| Your body knows where it is in space because | kinesthetic sense |
| kinesthetic senses use...which are located in the.. | proprioceptors...muscles and joints |
| proprioceptors transduce...into... | mechanical energy...neural signals |
| balance uses | vestibular senses also |
| In the inner ear, near the cochlea of the auditory system, there are fluid-filled | semicircular canals or vestibular sacs |
| transduction of sound occurs in the | cochlea |
| transduction of visual signals occurs in the | retina |
| transduction of smell occurs in the | olfactory muscosa |
| transduction of taste occurs on the | apical and basolateral membranes |
Created by:
handrzej
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