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Question: ___ are charged atomsAnswer: Ions Question: Electrical aka voltage:Answer: Difference in the concentration of charges between two Question: Answer: electrostatic Question: 4 important ions for conductionAnswer: Na, K, Cl, Question: 2 ways to membrane potentialsAnswer: Voltmeter, or with electrical stimulator Question: ____ concentration is higher outside of the cellAnswer: Question: ____ concentration is higher inside the cellAnswer: Question: Na is driven in by both ______ _______ and its _____ _____ (random motion)Answer: electrostatic forces, concentration Question: K is driven _____ by electrostatic forces, and _____ by its concentration gradientAnswer: IN, Question: Sodium-potassium Answer: active force (ATP) that exchanges 3NA+ for 2K outsode Question: EPSP causes ______, and an ______probability of action potential. Ie Na or Ca influxAnswer: depolarization, Question: IPSP causes _______, and a ________ probability of action potential. Ie Cl influx, K effluxAnswer: hyperpolarization, Question: PSPs are _______, and they are transmitted ______ and ______Answer: , decrementally and rapidly Question: In EPSP, it depolarizes the cell membrane (making it _____ ____), bringing it ____ to threshold and making it ____ likely that an action potential will fireAnswer: less negative, , more Question: IPSP hyperpolarizes the cell membrane (making it ____ ______), bringing it ______ to threshold and making it _____ likely that an action potential will fireAnswer: more negative, , less Question: What is typically to cause a neuron to fire?Answer: Question: In order to generate an AP, the ______ of _____ must be reached near the axonAnswer: threshold of Question: Integration of IPSPs and EPSPs must result in a potential of about ______ in order to generate an APAnswer: -65mV Question: 3 examples of summation of PSPsAnswer: 2 simultaneous EPSP or IPSP to 1 greater one, or teo opposite effects to cancel one another out Question: Temporal summation of Answer: rapid succession sums a PSP Question: Steps in ionic basis of potentials: Answer: Na channels open, Na in (depolarization), K channels slowly open, K leaves cell (repolarization), Cell becomes hyperpolarized Question: Resting potential: Answer: -70 mV, inside of cell has a negative charge relative to of cell Question: DepolarizationAnswer: membrane potential becomes less Question: Answer: point that voltage sodium channels open, AP occurs Question: RepolarizationAnswer: potential becomes negative again, approaching the resting membrane potential Question: Hyperpolarization:Answer: membrane potential becomes even more negative than the membrane potential Question: Refractory periods prevent the _____ movement of APs, limit the rate of firingAnswer: Question: refractory period:Answer: impossible to initiate action potential, 1-2 ms after AP start Question: refractory period:Answer: Threshold less negative than rest, more difficult to initiate another AP (more necessary) Question: Conduction of action potentials is _____, _____, ______Answer: active, slower, Question: Diffusion of Na+ triggers next ___ ____Answer: potential Question: ____ channels tightly packed, creating waves of depolarizationAnswer: Question: Orthodromic conduction is ___Answer: Question: conduction is transmissionAnswer: away - can stimulate at axon Question: Nodes of ranvier Answer: conduction Question: What of axons are the fastest?Answer: Myelinated, Question: The Hidgkin-Huxley model of neural conduction is from ____ motor axons, which is _____ than that of ____ _____ neuronsAnswer: squid, different, mammal Question: Fo interneurons fire potentials?Answer: NO Question: Are dendrites able to fire action ?Answer: Maybe Question: Mammal cerebral action potentials vary in ____, ______, and ______Answer: , duration, frequency Question: Can mammalian cerebral axons fire in the absence ofinput?Answer: , tonically active Question: synapsesAnswer: inhibition/facilitation Question: dendrodendritic Answer: Question: synapsesAnswer: Question: axonal main shaft Answer: synapses between axon shafts - parallel side by side, onto other Question: nondirected Answer: common for monoamine neurotransmission - diffuse release of Question: Some communication is through ____ _____ between cellsAnswer: gap Question: _____ appear to modulate neuronal activity within their own domainAnswer: Astrocytes, with adjacent ones through gap junctions Question: are small-molecule neurotransmitters syntehsizedAnswer: cytoplasm of axon terminal Question: molecule NTs packagingAnswer: packaged into synaptic vesicles by golgi complex at button Question: Large molecule neurotransmitter Answer: in of cell body by ribosomes Question: of large molecule neurotransmitterAnswer: packaged into vescicles by golgi complex Question: of large molecule neurotransmitterAnswer: transported to axon by microtubules Question: A single neuron can typically syntehsize and release one type of ____, one type of ____, or one type of ______ (coexistence)Answer: small, , each Question: 4 to NT releaseAnswer: AP arrives at terminal button, voltage gated calcium channels open, Ca++ enters, vesicles fuse, contents via exocytosis Question: Ionotropic receptors AKA ______ or _______Answer: ligand or NT gated ion Question: Ionotropic receptors are ____ actingAnswer: Question: Ionotropic receptirs usually have a _____ effectAnswer: Question: Depending on the type, Ionotropic receptros can _____ or _____Answer: (NA or CA), or hyperpolarize (Cl or K) Question: receptors AKA Answer: G-protein-couples Question: Metabotropic receptors are usually ____ actingAnswer: Question: Metabotropic receptors have a ____ effect by modifying ___ ____Answer: lasting, intracellular Question: Presynaptic autoreceptors are activated by _____ in the synapse, generally inhibits the amount of ____ released (braking mechanism_Answer: , neurotransmitter Question: reuptakeAnswer: pull NT back up into neuron, repackaged and re-sent out Question: Neurotransmitter degradation by Answer: seek out and neurotransmitters Question: 5 classes of Answer: Amino acids, , acetylcholine, unconventional neurotransmitters, neuropeptides Question: AA Answer: Fast, typically binding to receptors. Glutamate, GAVA, aspartate, glycine Question: NTsAnswer: more diffuse, non-directed . Metabotropic receptors with diverse functions, arise in brainstem. Catecholamines, indolamines Question: Ach Answer: acetyl + choline, nicotinic (iono) & muscarinic (meta). Degraded by . Many synapses in ANS Question: What something as an unconventional neurotransmitter?Answer: Does not fit into categories, less understood Question: 2 types of unconventional Answer: Soluble gases that exist only , endocannabinoids Question: Soluble gases that only brieflyAnswer: NO, CO. Backward/retrograde communication. cytoplasm production, short acting (via membranes) Question: Answer: produced on-demand, released from dendrites, inhibit presynaptic neurons. degraded Question: Neuropeptides are ____ ______ of amino acidsAnswer: short Question: the 5 categories of neuropeptides have a ______ of functionsAnswer: Question: Ex of Answer: Endorphins ie opiods, analgesia/reward system Question: AgonistsAnswer: Facilitate 's effects Question: AntagonistsAnswer: Reduce 's effects Question: Drugs may impact ___ _____ of the synaptic transmission pathwayAnswer: Any Question: drug effect on synthesisAnswer: Increases of neurotransmitter molecules Question: Antagonistic drug on synthesisAnswer: Blocks synthesis of NT Question: drug on breakdownAnswer: NT # by destroying degrading enzymes Question: Antagonist drug on Answer: NT molecules leak from vesicles, destroyed by degrading Question: Agonist drug on Answer: increases NT release from buttons Question: drug on exocytosisAnswer: Blocks NT from terminal button Question: Agonist drug on feedbackAnswer: binds to autoreceptors, blocks inhibitory effect on NT Question: Antagonist drug on feedbackAnswer: activates autoreceptors, inhibits NT Question: Agonist drug on Answer: binds to postsynaptic receptor, /increases effect on NT molecule Question: Antagonist drug on Answer: receptor , binds to postsynaptic receptors to block NT effect Question: Agonist drug on Answer: blocks deactivation of NT, degradation or reuptake Question: drug on deactivationAnswer: Receptor , binds to postsynaptic receptors to block NT effect Question: 3 influential of pharmacology research Answer: acetylcholine receptor , endogenous opioids, antipsychotic drugs Question: Historically, we used to think that each NT had ___ kind of Answer: Question: Different _____ selective to specific _____ subtypes, exerting different effects despite involving the same NTAnswer: , receptor Question: Nicotonic vs acetylcholine receptors:Answer: Different locations, receptor function, and behavioural Question: In PNS, nicotinic :Answer: Activation at junction stimulates muscle contraction Question: In PNS, muscarinic :Answer: Activation slows heart and pupils in ANS Question: Ancient Greeks would consume _____ extracts for stomach ailments and pupil dilationAnswer: Question: The PNS releases ______ on _______ receptors within iris sphincter muscles to constrict pupilsAnswer: Acetylcholine, Question: _____, the main active ingredient of belladonna, blocks _____ receptors, blocking Ach effect on pupilsAnswer: , muscarinic Question: _______: Extract of certain vines used by South American natives as a paralytic poison for darts in hunting and warAnswer: Question: Curare blocks _____ receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing _____Answer: nicotinic, Question: Benefit of Curare in medical settingAnswer: no muscular movement surgery, but artificial respiration needed Question: Extracted of botulism bacteriaAnswer: Botox Question: Botox prevents _____ release at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis and preventing ____, _____Answer: acetylcholine, , wrinkles Question: Discovery of the endogenous opioids provided into what?Answer: brain mechanisms of pleasure and Question: Sticky resin obtained from the seed pods of the opium poppy, used for effectsAnswer: Opium Question: Main active ingredient in Opium is _____, an analgesicAnswer: Question: Opiates bind to _____ in the midbrainAnswer: Question: Direct injection of opiates in PAG produces _____, so does electrical stimulationAnswer: Question: Endogenous Answer: Endorphins Question: "in the opiatesAnswer: Question: First antipsychotic drugs produced antischizophreic effects, but also _____ _____ symptomsAnswer: -like Question: Parkinson's disease associated with of what? Where?Answer: dopaminergic , substantia nigra Question: ______ _____, such as cocaine and amphetamines can induce and exacerbate phycosisAnswer: Dopamine Question: Dopamine antagonists can _____ psychotic symptomsAnswer: Question: What are 2 X-ray research techniques?Answer: Contrast X-rays and CT Question: What are 2 radioactivity based research ?Answer: PET and Question: What are 3 magnetic field-based techniques?Answer: MRI, DTI, Question: ______ tissues/objects absorb x-rays more than ___ tissues/objectsAnswer: , softer Question: Are X rays useful for neuroimaging? Why or why not?Answer: NO, brain looks like Question: What are X-rays good Answer: skull and bone fragments, objects Question: X-rays are _____ and can damage tissueAnswer: Question: X-rays give a ____ image of densityAnswer: Question: Contrast X-rays inject ____-____ dye, which _______ X-rays differently than surrounding tissue into the structure of interestAnswer: -opaque, absorbs Question: _____ ______ is excellent at imaging blood vesselsAnswer: Cerebral Question: CT scans are X-rays from ____ _____, allowing for a computation of a _____ image of densityAnswer: multiple angles, Question: Do CT have high or low spatial resolution?Answer: Relatively Question: Health of CT better or worse than X-ray? Why?Answer: , more images taken Question: SPECT measures _____ _____ ____ of a radiolabelled tracer in 3DAnswer: blood flow Question: SPECT radiolabelled tracer continually releases _____ as it decaysAnswer: Question: Typical examples of radiolabelled used in SPECTAnswer: inert gas, or tracers with up to 3 day half Question: SPECT tracers usually administered _____Answer: Question: SPECT has very _____ temporal resolutionAnswer: low (minutes) Question: SPECT is excellent for measuring ____ _____ of interestAnswer: specific Question: What is SPECT used to ?Answer: Alzheimers - decreased temporal-parietal Question: PET has the same as SPECT, except what?Answer: Positron quickly annihilated by free , releasing 2 photons in opposite directions Question: PET have longer or shorter half lives than SPECT?Answer: Question: What is a common used for PET? what does it do?Answer: 2-DG, taken up by active NTs (not metabolized) anywhere is taken up Question: Why is PET Answer: Tracer production on site with cyclotron particle accelerator Question: PET tracers are usually administered ____ or ____Answer: intravenously, Question: Pet has ____ spatial and temporal resolution than SPECT, but is more expensiveAnswer: Question: Constructed image from measures electromagnatic emitted by H atoms as they return to alignment with a strong magnetic field after a radio-frequency burstAnswer: MRI Question: MRI has very ____ resolution 3D imagesAnswer: Question: There is high ____ between white and gray matter in MRIsAnswer: Question: What can MRIs be combined with? ?Answer: Functional scans: fMRI, EEG, Question: Exceptions to MRI /non-invasivenessAnswer: tattoos, metallic , pacemakers Question: uses MRI and echo-planar imagine tech to measure subtle field fluctuations in a substance of interestAnswer: Question: fMRI, of magnetic field reflects what?Answer: activity Question: what response does fMRI ?Answer: BOLD - blood oxygen level dependent Question: What can fMRI be used to alongside BOLD?Answer: Cerebral blood flow (CBF), Question: What technique do both PET and fMRI use? What does this for?Answer: Paired-image subtraction/ for external thought, isolates for actual elucidated response Question: What does functional analysis measure?Answer: Low frequency , regional homegeneity Question: Diffusion Tensor Imaging measures pathways along which ____ _____ rapidly diffuseAnswer: water Question: DTI tracts indicate how the brain is _____Answer: Question: fUS Answer: Functional Question: fUS imaging uses ultrasouns to measure changes in _____ _____ in particular brain regionsAnswer: volume Question: When a brain region becomes active, blood levels increase there, altering the _____ of ultrasound through that brain regionAnswer: Question: Benefits of Answer: cheap, prtable, useful for those who can't use PET or Question: fUS can create small, permanent _____ at high amplitudesAnswer: Question: fMRI signals is a process that occurs many times/second, so signals can be _____ to one anotherAnswer: Question: The default mode network is _____ _____ throughout the brainAnswer: widely Question: What is the mode network?Answer: to own thoughts, not the outside world. Question: Default mode network is a source of ____ ____, actively unrelated to a taskAnswer: variance Question: fNIRS uses _____-_______ ______ to estimate hemodynamic activityAnswer: near-infrared Question: fNIRS involves measuring changes in _____ and ____________ concentrationAnswer: oxy- and Question: Measures electical activity on the scalp and is a reflection of neuronal Answer: Question: EEG can be used to diagnose _____, as it has excellent ______ resolution, but poor ________ resolutionAnswer: epilepsy, , spatial Question: EEG measures the ______ of brain wavesAnswer: Question: How does one increase the spatial of EEG?Answer: Increasing the number of Question: EEG signalling averages uses __________ to match EEG signals to repeated sensory, cognitive, or behavioural trialsAnswer: event-related Question: EEG _______ cancels out after a certain amount of trialsAnswer: Question: Early EEG components are usually related to ______ features (exogenous components)Answer: Question: Later EEG components are usually related to _______ components (endogenous conponents)Answer: Question: Small waves immediately after click, from nuclei far from recordingAnswer: Far Potentials Question: Measures tiny magnetic of the brain created perpendicular to the electrical currentAnswer: Question: For MEG to be effective, patient must be inside room _____ ____ for magnetic fields, because tech is sensitive to magnetic fields created by other objectsAnswer: heavily Question: brain electrical currents create _____ _____ _____Answer: tiny fields Question: Tiny brain magnetic fields are detected by _____Answer: Question: Pros of Answer: both high temporal and spatial resolution, excellent for sensory/motor cortices Question: measures the changing in the voltage between two large electrodes placed on the skin above a large muscleAnswer: Question: What does EMG ?Answer: level of tension in (spike rate) Question: What is (EOG)?Answer: Eye movements by placing 4 electrodes around the eye Question: EOG has been by what?Answer: More sophisticated eye methods Question: The general level of skin associated with a particular situation Answer: Skin Conductance Question: A rapid change in skin conductance in to a particular eventAnswer: Skin response Question: Example of skin response uses?Answer: Polygraph Question: Electrocardiograms whatAnswer: rate Question: pressure is measured via a Answer: sphygmomanometer Question: Measurement of blood/air volume in a body structure ie , fingersAnswer: Plethysmography Question: Transcranial magnetic stimulation temporarily _________ localized brain functionAnswer: Question: If from TMS is disrupted, that means what?Answer: That the deactivated part of the is causing the bahaviour Question: Transcranial electrical stimulation _______ brain function by passing ____ _____ through the cortexAnswer: altering, electrical Question: In tES, is the strong enough to elicit an action potential?Answer: NO, it changes the resting membrane - changing how/when it is activated Question: How does direct current stimulation work?Answer: excitability at anodal electrode Question: Transcranial alternating current stimulation alternates current between ______Answer: Question: tACS entrains neurons to fire at a particular ______, based on _____ of stimulationAnswer: , strength Question: Transcranial random noise stimulation is the same as tACS, except ______ changes randomlyAnswer: Question: tRNS has different effects depending on _____ of stimulationAnswer: Question: Invasive physiological research methods are performed almost exclusively on _____ modelsAnswer: Question: Stereotaxic surgery uses stereotaxic ______ and instrumentAnswer: Question: Stereotaxic surgery accurate placement of what?Answer: lesions, , electrodes Question: In a _______ lesion, tissue is sucked up into a pipetteAnswer: Question: What remains behind an aspiration lesion? why?Answer: matter, blood vessels. Higher durability Question: ________-________ lesions occur when high-frequency currents are administered through the tip of an electrodeAnswer: -frequency Question: What is the factor for radio-frequency lesions?Answer: Question: Radio frequency lesions everything ?Answer: at Question: Knife cut lesions are useful for _____Answer: Question: Reversible lesions temporarily _______ an areaAnswer: Question: examples of reversible Answer: , cold Question: lesions excite neurons past the point of what?Answer: Survival Question: Excitotoxic spares what?Answer: tracts and blood Question: Chemical lesions produce _____ selective lesions than electrical lesionsAnswer: Question: Important to keep in mind that after lesion, deficit may be how the incomplete system _____ ___ that missing pieceAnswer: compensates Question: Lesions can give us a false sense of ________Answer: Question: What is a mild kind of lesion? /stronger lesion?Answer: Unilateral, Question: What kind of typically has the opposite effect of lesions?Answer: electrical Question: Intracellular unit recording measures changes in the ___ _____ of a neuron over time, requiring a ______ positioned inside a neuronAnswer: membrane , microelectrode Question: Why is it impossible to record intracellularly in a freely moving animal?Answer: Hard to keep microelectrode neuron Question: Extracellular unit recording places a microelecrode ____ the neuronAnswer: Question: Extracellular unit recording signals a series of _____, which indicate _____ ______ from a nearby neuronAnswer: spikes, potential Question: Spikes of the same ______ are assumed to come from the same neuronAnswer: Question: Multiple-unit recording provides an indication of the _____ ____ _____ of many neurons in the general vicinity of the electrode tipAnswer: rate of Question: EEG uses electrodes where?Answer: on the surface of the Question: What does EEG provide?Answer: more accurate recordings than (scalp) EEG Question: The route of drug administration influences the ____ and _____ to which the drug reaches its site of actionAnswer: rate, Question: Difficulties of oral ingestion in non-human ?Answer: need to be able and to ingest, may leave some unconsumed Question: Absorption via the digestive tract is _________Answer: Question: Inhalation absorbs drugs through _______ in lungsAnswer: Question: Downsides of Answer: regulation can be , can damage lungs Question: Absorption through mucous membrane points:Answer: nose, mouth, Question: Hypodermic injection bypasses ___ ____Answer: digestive Question: Into cavityAnswer: Intraperitoneally Question: Under the Answer: Question: Into large Answer: Question: Into veins, most Answer: Intravenously Question: ______ injection is injection into CNSAnswer: Question: Central injection bypasses digestive tract and ____ ____ _____Answer: Blood Brain Question: Into a ventricle to affect the brainAnswer: Intraventricular Question: Autoradiography measures the location of _______ of interest when the brain is active during an _____Answer: , event Question: Difference PET scan and autoradiographyAnswer: have to kill subjects to get Question: Cerebral dialysis measures specific substances in _____Answer: Question: Immunocytochemistry creates ______ for desired proteinAnswer: Question: In Situ Hybridization locates __________ sequences in the brain/chromosome Answer: mRNA/DNA Question: Organisms lacking a ______ of interestAnswer: Question: one gene with another geneAnswer: gene Question: CRISPR/Cas9 edit genes at a particular time of ______-Answer: Question: Optogenetics is the combination of _______ and _____ methods to achieve gain or loss of function in specific cells of living tissueAnswer: , optical Question: Current neurophychological assessments focus more on the ______ of a patientAnswer: Question: Brain scanning is best at _____ _____ or metabolic disturbances, but lack ______ to other problemsAnswer: anatomical, sensitivity Question: Can a single neurophychological test all brain damage?Answer: No Question: What is a standard battery of neuropsychological ?Answer: variety of that combine to discriminate between brain-damaged and healthy individuals Question: Problem with the battery of neurophychological tests?Answer: Poorly discriminate brain-damaged from psychiatric Question: What is the HRB test?Answer: Halstead-Reitan - historically most widely-used Question: HRB TestAnswer: problem solving using abstract reasoning or hypothesis testing using shapes Question: HRB tactual testAnswer: placing varied shapes in without sight Question: HRB Rhythm Answer: detect similarities and differences rhythms Question: HRB speech sounds testAnswer: match nonsense syllables with written forms Question: HRB tapping testAnswer: Tap index finger as fast as possible for 10 Question: HRB trail making Answer: tests visual attention and task Question: HRB grip Answer: Tests motor difficulties of each Question: Customized test batteries are used to measure ________, with more precise tests used in follow-upsAnswer: Question: Test batteries are based on ______ ______ of psychological functioningAnswer: theories Question: Cognitive _____, not just performance is measured in customized test batteriesAnswer: Question: 3 tests of the neuropsychological battery measure what?Answer: Intelligence, memory, language and lateralization Question: Verbal comprehension Answer: general verbal skills including fluency, relies on prior knowledge Question: reasoning scaleAnswer: examines a problem, upon visual motor/spatial skills Question: memory scale Answer: hold information so it can be used to a problem Question: Processing speed Answer: focus attention, quickly scan, discriminate between, and sequentially visual information Question: How do they which hemisphere is dominant for language?Answer: Inject sodium amytal, if becomes mute then the hemisphere ipsilateral to injection is dominant Question: What is species behaviours?Answer: behaviours displayed by virtually all members of a Question: What do the open field tests and the elevated plus maze test Answer: and emotion Question: What are the measures of emotionalityAnswer: Activity, thigmotaxis, Question: In the colony-intruder paradigm, rats are placed in a chamber with a _________,_________ ratAnswer: , dominant Question: How to sexual behaviour in female ratsAnswer: Question: How to measure behaviour in male ratsAnswer: to intromission, time to remount after ejeculation Question: 3 views of learning that conditioned taste aversion Answer: step-by-step process, temporal continuity, of equipotentiality Question: The morris water maze is used to study _________ abilityAnswer: Question: conditioned defensive burying is used to study _________ drugs/effectsAnswer: anti-anxiety Question: pupil size is a compromise between _________ and _________, is regulated by the _________Answer: and acuity, iris Question: The lens focuses light on the _________, in a process called _________Answer: , accomodation Question: When the lens is cylindrical, focus is on a _________ objectAnswer: Question: When the lens is flattened, focus is on a _________ objectAnswer: Question: Most of what is seen is seen through _________ eyesAnswer: Question: Binocular disparity is greater for _________ things, helps to create _________ _________Answer: closer, perception Question: Predator eye Answer: front Question: Prey eye Answer: Question: how many in the retinaAnswer: Question: the fovea has high _________ visionAnswer: Question: optic disk involves the _________ spot and _________Answer: , completion Question: Can any species see in darkness?Answer: no, some can see in very little Question: Wavelength is closely with the perception ofAnswer: colour Question: intensity is closely associated with the of Answer: brightness Question: _________ is the turning of the eyes slightly inward when looking at something nearbyAnswer: Question: In the retina, the cells at the _________ are the first to detect lightAnswer: Question: In a sense, the retina is _________Answer: -out Question: Light passes through several _________ layers in the retina before reaching its receptorsAnswer: Question: How many are in the retina?Answer: Question: Receptor of the retinaAnswer: rods and Question: cell layer of retinaAnswer: communication Question: amacrine cell later of Answer: lateral Question: The fovea is the _________-_________ area near center of retinaAnswer: high-acuity Question: The _________ of the ganglion cell later in the fovea reduces _________ from cells between the pupil and the retinaAnswer: thinning, Question: the optic disk is where axons of _________ ganglion cells penetrate _________, exit eye through optic nerveAnswer: retinal, Question: the theory of vision states that cones and rods mediate what?Answer: kinds of vision Question: cones have _________ (daytime) vision, giving _________ colour information in good lightingAnswer: , high-acuity Question: rods have _________ (night-time) vision, with _________, allowing for low acuity vision in dim light, lacking _________ and colour informationAnswer: scototpic, high-sensitivity, Question: Cones have _________ convergence on retinal ganglion cell cone-fed circuitsAnswer: Question: rods have _________ convergence on retinal ganglion cell rod-fed circuitsAnswer: Question: only _________ are found at the foveaAnswer: Question: are cones or rods found in the spot?Answer: neither Question: There are different _________ sensitivity curves for photopic and scotopic visionAnswer: Question: Quick eye movements (_________) are integrated into a stable perceptionAnswer: Question: the visual system responds to _________Answer: Question: Transduction is the _________ of one form of energy to anotherAnswer: Question: visual transduction is the conversion of _________ to neural signals by visual receptorsAnswer: Question: Visual transduction is transmitted viaAnswer: inhibition Question: What is the found in rods?Answer: Question: Rhodospin is a receptor that responds to _________ rather than NTsAnswer: Question: In the dark, rhodopsin Na+ channels are partially _________, (partial _________), _________ glutamateAnswer: open, depolarized, Question: When light strikes rhodopsin, Na+ channels _________, rods _________, _________ glutamateAnswer: close, , inhibiting Question: In both eyes, left hits _________ and right hits _________Answer: , left Question: Each eye only processes _________ of visual field, contralaterallyAnswer: Question: The _________ hemiretina of each eye connects to the _________ lateral geniculate nucleus, Answer: right/left, /left Question: Magnocellular layers have _________ cell bodies, are the _________ 2 laters of LGNAnswer: big, Question: Magnocellular bodies are particularily responsive to _________, input primarily from _________Answer: movement, Question: Parvocellular layers have _________ cell bodies, are the _________ 4 layers of LGNAnswer: small, Question: Parvocellular layers are responsive to _________, _________, _________/_________ objects, and input primarily from conesAnswer: colour, , still/slow Question: Retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex means that information received at _________ portions of the retina _________ _________ in the striate cortexAnswer: , remains adjacent Question: Edges are points of _________Answer: Question: Mach bands are _________ striped that the visual system _________ for enhancementAnswer: non-existent, Question: Mach bands makes edges _________ to see, are a consequence of _________ _________Answer: easier, inhibition Question: _________ _________ is the area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of a GIVEN neuronAnswer: receptive Question: what was hubel and wiesel's to examine visual fields?Answer: Curare-d a cat, placed extracellular near a neuron, mapped the receptive field Question: In the receptive fields of RGS system neurons, there were _________ seen at all three levelsAnswer: Question: Receptive fields of _________ area are smaller than those in the peripheryAnswer: Question: Neuron's receptive fields are _________ in shape, and are _________ (respond to a particular eye)Answer: , monocular Question: Many neurons at each level have receptive fields with _________ and _________ areasAnswer: excitatory, Question: The two patterns of neuronal responding are _________ firing, or _________ followed by off firingAnswer: on, Question: firing responds best to _________ _________ "on" areaAnswer: illuminated Question: firing responds poorly to _________ lightAnswer: Question: firing responds to _________ _________ between centers and peripheries of their visual fieldsAnswer: brightness Question: Many cells have receptive fields with a _________-_________ organizationAnswer: surround Question: on/off-center neurons have excitatory and inhibitory regions separated by a _________ _________Answer: boundary Question: Most neurons in V1 _________ circular receptive fieldsAnswer: do not Question: Simple striate cells respond best to _________ of a particular orientation, and are _________Answer: edges/bars, Question: Complex striate cells respond best to _________ _________ of a particular orientationAnswer: edges/bars Question: Binocular complex striate cells - over half are _________, the other half display _________ _________Answer: binocular, ocular Question: End-stopped extrastriate cells respond best to _________ _________ of a particular _________ and orientationAnswer: moving /bars/corners, length Question: Simple striate cells have _________ receptive fields, with on and off regions that are _________ and _________ sensitiveAnswer: rectangular, orientation, Question: all simple striate cells are _________, and send information to _________ cellsAnswer: monocular, Question: Not all visual cortex cells respond to _________ stimuliAnswer: previous Question: Complex striate cells have _________ receptive fields than simpleAnswer: Question: Simple, complex, and end-stopped cells all have a preferred _________ and _________ _________Answer: orientation, field Question: End-stopped cells fire to _________ _________ of a specific length, or _________ _________/_________Answer: lines, moving corners/angles Question: Ocular dominance columns are _________ vertical columns with the same receptive fields and ocular dominanceAnswer: Question: Is retinotopic organization in ocular dominance columns?Answer: Question: What is the trichromatic theory of Answer: 3 of cone cells, each with a different spectral sensitivity Question: short spectral Answer: /blue Question: medium spectral Answer: /yellow Question: long spectral Answer: /red Question: -process theory of colour processing:Answer: two different classes of cells that colour, another to encode brightness Question: which colour processing accounts for colour afterimages and colour that cannot appear together?Answer: opponent-process Question: Which colour processing theory is ?Answer: both - colour by cones operates according to theory, while opponent processing is seen at all subsequent levels Question: Colour constancy is the _________ of the same colour despite the change in _________Answer: , wavelength Question: Retinex theory states that colour perception is based on the _________ of light of different wavelengths that a surface reflectsAnswer: Question: As visual information flows through hierarchy, receptive fields become _________ and respond to ...Answer: larger, more and specific stimuli Question: Scotomas are areas of _________ in contralateral visual field due to damage to the _______ _________ cortexAnswer: , primary visual Question: Blindsight is a response to visual stimuli outside _________ _________ of "seeing"Answer: awareness Question: what is a possible explanation of ?Answer: of functional cells within scotoma Question: Lesions in each area of the secondary visual cortex and association cortex result in _________ deficitsAnswer: Question: How many distinct areas have been identified so far in the secondary visual and association cortexes?Answer: 12 Question: What are the two of visual processingAnswer: Dorsal and streams Question: The dorsal stream is the pathway from _________ to _________ to _________.Answer: primary visual cortex, dorsal prestriate , posterior parietal cortex Question: dorsal stream is the _________ pathway, and for the _________Answer: where, of behaviour Question: Ventral stream is the pathway from the _________ to _________ to _________Answer: primary visual cortex, ventral cortex, inferotemporal cortex Question: The ventral stream is the _________ pathway, and for the _________Answer: what, conscious perception of Question: to secondary/association cortex may lead to (3)Answer: visual agnosia, , akinetopsia Question: Visual agnosia is the inability to betweenAnswer: stimuli Question: Prosopagnosia is the inability to Answer: faces Question: Akinetopsia is a in the ability to seeAnswer: movement in a normal, smooth |
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