PSYC 271 Midterm 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | Ions
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| show | Difference in the concentration of charges between two solutions
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| show | electrostatic pressure
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| 4 important ions for neural conduction | show 🗑
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| show | Voltmeter, or oscilloscope with electrical stimulator
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| ____ concentration is higher outside of the cell | show 🗑
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| ____ concentration is higher inside the cell | show 🗑
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| Na is driven in by both ______ _______ and its _____ _____ (random motion) | show 🗑
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| show | IN, OUT
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| show | active force (ATP) that exchanges 3NA+ inside for 2K outsode
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| EPSP causes ______, and an ______probability of action potential. Ie Na or Ca influx | show 🗑
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| show | hyperpolarization, decreased
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| PSPs are _______, and they are transmitted ______ and ______ | show 🗑
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| show | less negative, closer, more
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| show | more negative, further, less
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| What is typically needed to cause a neuron to fire? | show 🗑
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| In order to generate an AP, the ______ of _____ must be reached near the axon | show 🗑
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| show | -65mV
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| 3 examples of spatial summation of PSPs | show 🗑
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| Temporal summation of PSPs | show 🗑
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| Steps in ionic basis of action potentials: | show 🗑
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| Resting membrane potential: | show 🗑
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| Depolarization | show 🗑
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| show | point that voltage gated sodium channels open, AP occurs
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| show | membrane potential becomes negative again, approaching the resting membrane potential
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| Hyperpolarization: | show 🗑
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| show | backward
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| Absolute refractory period: | show 🗑
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| show | Threshold less negative than rest, more difficult to initiate another AP (more depolarization necessary)
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| show | active, slower, nondecremental
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| Diffusion of Na+ triggers next ___ ____ | show 🗑
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| show | Na
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| show | to
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| Antidromic conduction is transmission | show 🗑
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| show | saltatory conduction
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| show | Myelinated, larger
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| show | squid, different, mammal cerebral
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| Fo interneurons fire action potentials? | show 🗑
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| Are dendrites able to fire action potentials? | show 🗑
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| Mammal cerebral action potentials vary in ____, ______, and ______ | show 🗑
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| Can mammalian cerebral axons fire potentials in the absence ofinput? | show 🗑
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| Axoaxonic synapses | show 🗑
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| show | bidirectional
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| show | rare
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| show | synapses between axon shafts - parallel side by side, synapse onto other
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| show | common for monoamine neurotransmission - diffuse release of NT
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| Some communication is through ____ _____ between cells | show 🗑
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| _____ appear to modulate neuronal activity within their own domain | show 🗑
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| show | cytoplasm of axon terminal buttons
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| show | packaged into synaptic vesicles by golgi complex at terminal button
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| show | in cytoplasm of cell body by ribosomes
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| Packaging of large molecule neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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| Transport of large molecule neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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| show | small, large, each
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| show | AP arrives at terminal button, voltage gated calcium channels open, Ca++ enters, vesicles fuse, empty contents via exocytosis
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| Ionotropic receptors AKA ______ or _______ | show 🗑
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| Ionotropic receptors are ____ acting | show 🗑
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| Ionotropic receptirs usually have a _____ effect | show 🗑
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| Depending on the type, Ionotropic receptros can _____ or _____ | show 🗑
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| Metabotropic receptors AKA | show 🗑
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| Metabotropic receptors are usually ____ acting | show 🗑
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| Metabotropic receptors have a ____ effect by modifying ___ ____ | show 🗑
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| show | neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter
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| Neurotransmitter reuptake | show 🗑
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| Neurotransmitter degradation by enzymes | show 🗑
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| show | Amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, unconventional neurotransmitters, neuropeptides
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| AA NTs | show 🗑
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| show | more diffuse, non-directed synapses. Metabotropic receptors with diverse functions, arise in brainstem. Catecholamines, indolamines
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| Ach NTs | show 🗑
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| What defines something as an unconventional neurotransmitter? | show 🗑
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| show | Soluble gases that exist only briefly, endocannabinoids
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| Soluble gases that exist only briefly | show 🗑
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| show | produced on-demand, released from dendrites, inhibit presynaptic neurons. rapidly degraded
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| Neuropeptides are ____ ______ of amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | variety
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| show | Endorphins ie Endogenous opiods, analgesia/reward system
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| show | Facilitate neurotransmitter's effects
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| Antagonists | show 🗑
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| Drugs may impact ___ _____ of the synaptic transmission pathway | show 🗑
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| Agonist drug effect on synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | Blocks synthesis of NT molecule
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| Agonist drug on breakdown | show 🗑
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| show | NT molecules leak from vesicles, destroyed by degrading enzymes
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| Agonist drug on exocytosis | show 🗑
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| Antagonist drug on exocytosis | show 🗑
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| Agonist drug on inhibitory feedback | show 🗑
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| Antagonist drug on inhibitory feedback | show 🗑
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| show | binds to postsynaptic receptor, activates/increases effect on NT molecule
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| show | receptor blocker, binds to postsynaptic receptors to block NT effect
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| show | blocks deactivation of NT, blocking degradation or reuptake
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| Antagonist drug on deactivation | show 🗑
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| show | acetylcholine receptor subtypes, endogenous opioids, antipsychotic drugs
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| Historically, we used to think that each NT had ___ kind of receptor | show 🗑
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| Different _____ selective to specific _____ subtypes, exerting different effects despite involving the same NT | show 🗑
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| show | Different locations, receptor function, and behavioural effects
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| show | Activation at neuromuscular junction stimulates muscle contraction
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| show | Activation slows heart and constricts pupils in ANS
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| Ancient Greeks would consume _____ extracts for stomach ailments and pupil dilation | show 🗑
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| The PNS releases ______ on _______ receptors within iris sphincter muscles to constrict pupils | show 🗑
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| _____, the main active ingredient of belladonna, blocks _____ receptors, blocking Ach effect on pupils | show 🗑
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| _______: Extract of certain vines used by South American natives as a paralytic poison for darts in hunting and war | show 🗑
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| Curare blocks _____ receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing _____ | show 🗑
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| show | no muscular movement during surgery, but artificial respiration needed
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| Extracted toxin of botulism bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | acetylcholine, tremors, wrinkles
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| show | brain mechanisms of pleasure and pain
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| show | Opium
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| Main active ingredient in Opium is _____, an analgesic | show 🗑
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| show | PAG
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| show | Analgesia
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| show | Endorphins
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| "in the head" opiates | show 🗑
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| show | Parkinsonian-like
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| Parkinson's disease associated with death of what? Where? | show 🗑
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| ______ _____, such as cocaine and amphetamines can induce and exacerbate phycosis | show 🗑
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| Dopamine antagonists can _____ psychotic symptoms | show 🗑
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| What are 2 X-ray based research techniques? | show 🗑
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| show | PET and SPECT
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| What are 3 magnetic field-based research techniques? | show 🗑
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| show | Dense, softer
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| Are X rays normally useful for neuroimaging? Why or why not? | show 🗑
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| show | skull and bone fragments, foreign objects
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| show | carcinogenic
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| show | 2D
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| show | radio-opaque, absorbs
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| _____ ______ is excellent at imaging blood vessels | show 🗑
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| show | multiple angles, 3D
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| show | Relatively low
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| Health effects of CT better or worse than X-ray? Why? | show 🗑
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| show | local blood flow
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| show | positrons
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| Typical examples of radiolabelled tracers used in SPECT | show 🗑
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| show | Intravenously
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| SPECT has very _____ temporal resolution | show 🗑
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| show | specific substances
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| show | Alzheimers - decreased temporal-parietal metabolism
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| PET has the same features as SPECT, except what? | show 🗑
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| PET tracers have longer or shorter half lives than SPECT? | show 🗑
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| show | 2-DG, taken up by active NTs (not metabolized) anywhere glucose is taken up
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| Why is PET expensive | show 🗑
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| PET tracers are usually administered ____ or ____ | show 🗑
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| Pet has ____ spatial and temporal resolution than SPECT, but is more expensive | show 🗑
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| Constructed image from measures electromagnatic signals emitted by H atoms as they return to alignment with a strong magnetic field after a radio-frequency burst | show 🗑
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| MRI has very ____ resolution 3D images | show 🗑
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| There is high ____ between white and gray matter in MRIs | show 🗑
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| What can MRIs be combined with? Examples? | show 🗑
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| Exceptions to MRI safety/non-invasiveness | show 🗑
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| show | fMRI
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| show | Cognitive activity
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| what response does fMRI measure? | show 🗑
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| What can fMRI be used to detect alongside BOLD? | show 🗑
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| show | Paired-image subtraction/ controls for external thought, isolates for actual elucidated response
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| show | Low frequency fluctuations, regional homegeneity
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| Diffusion Tensor Imaging measures pathways along which ____ _____ rapidly diffuse | show 🗑
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| show | connected
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| fUS imaging | show 🗑
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| show | blood volume
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| show | passage
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| show | cheap, prtable, useful for those who can't use PET or MRI
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| show | lesions
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| fMRI signals is a process that occurs many times/second, so signals can be _____ to one another | show 🗑
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| The default mode network is _____ _____ throughout the brain | show 🗑
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| What is the default mode network? | show 🗑
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| Default mode network is a source of ____ ____, actively unrelated to a task | show 🗑
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| show | near-infrared light
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| fNIRS involves measuring changes in _____ and ____________ concentration | show 🗑
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| Measures electical activity on the scalp and is a reflection of neuronal synchrony | show 🗑
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| show | epilepsy, temporal, spatial
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| EEG measures the ______ of brain waves | show 🗑
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| show | Increasing the number of electrodes
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| show | event-related potentials
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| EEG _______ cancels out after a certain amount of trials | show 🗑
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| Early EEG components are usually related to ______ features (exogenous components) | show 🗑
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| show | cognitive
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| show | Far Field Potentials
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| show | Magnetoencephalography
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| show | heavily insulated
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| brain electrical currents create _____ _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| show | coils
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| Pros of MEG | show 🗑
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| measures the changing difference in the voltage between two large electrodes placed on the skin above a large muscle | show 🗑
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| What does EMG measure? | show 🗑
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| What is electrooculagraphy (EOG)? | show 🗑
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| EOG has been replaced by what? | show 🗑
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| The general level of skin conductance associated with a particular situation | show 🗑
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| A rapid change in skin conductance in response to a particular event | show 🗑
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| Example of skin conductance response uses? | show 🗑
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| show | Heart rate
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| Blood pressure is measured via a | show 🗑
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| show | Plethysmography
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| show | decreases
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| If behaviour from TMS is disrupted, that means what? | show 🗑
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| Transcranial electrical stimulation _______ brain function by passing ____ _____ through the cortex | show 🗑
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| In tES, is the current strong enough to elicit an action potential? | show 🗑
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| How does transcranial direct current stimulation work? | show 🗑
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| show | electrodes
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| show | frequency, strength
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| show | frequency
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| tRNS has different effects depending on _____ of stimulation | show 🗑
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| show | animal
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| Stereotaxic surgery uses stereotaxic ______ and instrument | show 🗑
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| show | lesions, probes, electrodes
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| In a _______ lesion, tissue is sucked up into a pipette | show 🗑
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| What remains behind following an aspiration lesion? why? | show 🗑
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| ________-________ lesions occur when high-frequency currents are administered through the tip of an electrode | show 🗑
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| show | heat
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| Radio frequency lesions everything where? | show 🗑
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| Knife cut lesions are useful for _____ | show 🗑
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| show | inactivate
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| show | Lidocaine, cold
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| Excitotoxic lesions excite neurons past the point of what? | show 🗑
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| show | tracts and blood vessels
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| show | more
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| show | compensates for
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| show | localization
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| show | Unilateral, bilateral
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| What kind of stimulation typically has the opposite effect of lesions? | show 🗑
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| Intracellular unit recording measures changes in the ___ _____ of a neuron over time, requiring a ______ positioned inside a neuron | show 🗑
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| show | Hard to keep microelectrode inside neuron
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| show | near
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| show | spikes, action potential
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| show | amplitude
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| show | rate of firing
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| Invasive EEG uses electrodes where? | show 🗑
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| show | more accurate recordings than normal (scalp) EEG
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| The route of drug administration influences the ____ and _____ to which the drug reaches its site of action | show 🗑
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| Difficulties of oral ingestion in non-human subjects? | show 🗑
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| Absorption via the digestive tract is _________ | show 🗑
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| show | capillaries
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| show | regulation can be difficult, can damage lungs
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| Absorption through mucous membrane entry points: | show 🗑
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| show | digestive tract
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| show | Intraperitoneally
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| show | Subcutaneously
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| show | Intramuscularly
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| show | Intravenously
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| ______ injection is injection into CNS | show 🗑
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| Central injection bypasses digestive tract and ____ ____ _____ | show 🗑
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| Into a ventricle to affect the whole brain | show 🗑
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| Autoradiography measures the location of _______ of interest when the brain is active during an _____ | show 🗑
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| Difference between PET scan and autoradiography | show 🗑
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| show | vivo
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| show | antibodies
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| show | mRNA/DNA
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| Organisms lacking a ______ of interest | show 🗑
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| Replacing one gene with another gene | show 🗑
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| CRISPR/Cas9 edit genes at a particular time of ______- | show 🗑
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| Optogenetics is the combination of _______ and _____ methods to achieve gain or loss of function in specific cells of living tissue | show 🗑
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| Current neurophychological assessments focus more on the ______ of a patient | show 🗑
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| Brain scanning is best at _____ _____ or metabolic disturbances, but lack ______ to other problems | show 🗑
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| show | No
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| What is a standard battery of neuropsychological tests? | show 🗑
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| Problem with the standard battery of neurophychological tests? | show 🗑
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| What is the HRB test? | show 🗑
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| HRB Category Test | show 🗑
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| show | placing varied shapes in holes without sight
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| show | detect similarities and differences between rhythms
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| HRB speech sounds perception test | show 🗑
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| show | Tap index finger as fast as possible for 10 seconds
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| show | tests visual attention and task switching
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| show | Tests motor difficulties of each hemisphere
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| Customized test batteries are used to measure ________, with more precise tests used in follow-ups | show 🗑
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| show | modern theories
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| Cognitive _____, not just performance is measured in customized test batteries | show 🗑
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| 3 tests of the common neuropsychological battery measure what? | show 🗑
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| show | general verbal skills including verbal fluency, relies on prior knowledge
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| show | examines a problem, drawing upon visual motor/spatial skills
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| show | hold information so it can be used to solve a problem
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| show | focus attention, quickly scan, discriminate between, and sequentially order visual information
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| How do they measure which hemisphere is dominant for language? | show 🗑
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| What is species common behaviours? | show 🗑
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| What do the open field tests and the elevated plus maze test for | show 🗑
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| What are the three measures of emotionality | show 🗑
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| In the colony-intruder paradigm, rats are placed in a chamber with a _________,_________ rat | show 🗑
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| show | lordosis
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| How to measure sexual behaviour in male rats | show 🗑
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| show | step-by-step process, temporal continuity, principle of equipotentiality
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| show | spatial
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| show | anti-anxiety
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| show | sensitivity and acuity, iris
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| The lens focuses light on the _________, in a process called _________ | show 🗑
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| When the lens is cylindrical, focus is on a _________ object | show 🗑
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| When the lens is flattened, focus is on a _________ object | show 🗑
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| Most of what is seen is seen through _________ eyes | show 🗑
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| show | closer, depth perception
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|
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| show | front
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| show | side
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| show | 5
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| the fovea has high _________ vision | show 🗑
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| optic disk involves the _________ spot and _________ | show 🗑
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| show | no, some can see in very little light
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| Wavelength is associated closely with the perception of | show 🗑
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| intensity is closely associated with the perception of | show 🗑
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| _________ is the turning of the eyes slightly inward when looking at something nearby | show 🗑
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| In the retina, the cells at the _________ are the first to detect light | show 🗑
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| show | inside-out
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| show | cell
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| show | five
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| Receptor layer of the retina | show 🗑
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| show | lateral communication
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| amacrine cell later of retina | show 🗑
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| show | high-acuity
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| show | thinning, distortion
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| the optic disk is where axons of _________ ganglion cells penetrate _________, exit eye through optic nerve | show 🗑
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| show | different kinds of vision
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| show | phototopic, high-acuity
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| show | scototpic, high-sensitivity, detail
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| show | low
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| show | high
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| show | cones
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| show | neither
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| show | spectral
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| show | saccdes
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|
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| the visual system responds to _________ | show 🗑
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| show | conversion
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| show | light
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| Visual transduction information is transmitted via | show 🗑
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| What is the pigment found in rods? | show 🗑
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| Rhodospin is a receptor that responds to _________ rather than NTs | show 🗑
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| In the dark, rhodopsin Na+ channels are partially _________, (partial _________), _________ glutamate | show 🗑
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| show | close, hyperpolarize, inhibiting
🗑
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| In both eyes, left hits _________ and right hits _________ | show 🗑
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| Each eye only processes _________ of visual field, contralaterally | show 🗑
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| The _________ hemiretina of each eye connects to the _________ lateral geniculate nucleus, | show 🗑
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| Magnocellular layers have _________ cell bodies, are the _________ 2 laters of LGN | show 🗑
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| Magnocellular bodies are particularily responsive to _________, input primarily from _________ | show 🗑
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| show | small, top
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| Parvocellular layers are responsive to _________, _________, _________/_________ objects, and input primarily from cones | show 🗑
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| Retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex means that information received at _________ portions of the retina _________ _________ in the striate cortex | show 🗑
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| show | contrast
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| Mach bands are _________ striped that the visual system _________ for enhancement | show 🗑
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| Mach bands makes edges _________ to see, are a consequence of _________ _________ | show 🗑
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| _________ _________ is the area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of a GIVEN neuron | show 🗑
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| show | Curare-d a cat, placed extracellular electrode near a neuron, mapped the receptive field
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| show | similarities
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| Receptive fields of _________ area are smaller than those in the periphery | show 🗑
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| Neuron's receptive fields are _________ in shape, and are _________ (respond to a particular eye) | show 🗑
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| show | excitatory, inhibitory
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| show | on, inhibition
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| show | fully illuminated
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| show | diffuse
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| firing responds to _________ _________ between centers and peripheries of their visual fields | show 🗑
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| Many cells have receptive fields with a _________-_________ organization | show 🗑
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| on/off-center neurons have excitatory and inhibitory regions separated by a _________ _________ | show 🗑
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| show | do not have
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| show | edges/bars, monocular
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| Complex striate cells respond best to _________ _________ of a particular orientation | show 🗑
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||||
| Binocular complex striate cells - over half are _________, the other half display _________ _________ | show 🗑
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| End-stopped extrastriate cells respond best to _________ _________ of a particular _________ and orientation | show 🗑
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| Simple striate cells have _________ receptive fields, with on and off regions that are _________ and _________ sensitive | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | monocular, complex
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|
||||
| show | previous stimuli
🗑
|
||||
| Complex striate cells have _________ receptive fields than simple | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | orientation, receptive field
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|
||||
| show | moving lines, moving corners/angles
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|
||||
| show | functional
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|
||||
| show | Yes
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|
||||
| What is the trichromatic theory of colour | show 🗑
|
||||
| short spectral sensitivity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | green/yellow
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|
||||
| long spectral sensitivity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | two different classes of cells that encode colour, another to encode brightness
🗑
|
||||
| show | opponent-process theory
🗑
|
||||
| show | both - colour by cones operates according to componenet theory, while opponent processing is seen at all subsequent levels
🗑
|
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| Colour constancy is the _________ of the same colour despite the change in _________ | show 🗑
|
||||
| Retinex theory states that colour perception is based on the _________ of light of different wavelengths that a surface reflects | show 🗑
|
||||
| As visual information flows through hierarchy, receptive fields become _________ and respond to ... | show 🗑
|
||||
| Scotomas are areas of _________ in contralateral visual field due to damage to the _______ _________ cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | conscious awareness
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|
||||
| what is a possible explanation of blindsight? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lesions in each area of the secondary visual cortex and association cortex result in _________ deficits | show 🗑
|
||||
| How many functionally distinct areas have been identified so far in the secondary visual and association cortexes? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Dorsal and ventral streams
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|
||||
| The dorsal stream is the pathway from _________ to _________ to _________. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | where, control of behaviour
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|
||||
| Ventral stream is the pathway from the _________ to _________ to _________ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | what, conscious perception of objects
🗑
|
||||
| show | visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, akinetopsia
🗑
|
||||
| Visual agnosia is the inability to distinguish between | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prosopagnosia is the inability to distinguish | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | movement in a normal, smooth fashion
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
esavoy