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Criminology
Midterm quizzes 1--11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Crime facilitation and precipitation are seen in which typology of crim? | Victim-based |
| Which source of data is likely to give a victim-based typology? | National Crim Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
| What are the two major types of motivation for crime in offenders? | Instrumental and Expressive |
| The multi-trade typology of Clinard and Quinney says a corporate crime includes | Restraint of trade, false advertising, and environmental pollution |
| You see premeditation and spontaneous acts in | Offender-based typology |
| The target selection factors are | Convenience or familiarity of the target, protection or guardianship of the target, and the attractiveness of the target |
| What are the main sources of information relative to typologies? | Police reports, victim surveys, and offender interviews |
| Which theory is likely to explain criminality by brain disorders and inheritance? | Biological theory |
| Which theory is likely to explain that criminality is caused by juvenile gangs drawing peers into a life style of behaviors and values? | Subcultural theory |
| What are the 5 theories relative to criminality? | Social disorganization, psychological, subcultural, biological, and anomie/strain |
| which theory would say that personality traits lead to criminality? | Psychological theory |
| Which theory would say that society's emphasis on material success without adequate opportunities leads individuals to crime? | Anomie/strain theory |
| Which theory would say that criminality is associated with a breakdown of community social control? | Social disorganization theory |
| Cesare Beccaria said that most crime was motivated by | Self-interest |
| What did Beccaria say were most important when it comes to crime? | Prevention and deterrence |
| Lombroso argued that criminals were more like | Apes |
| Which school of thought did Lombroso support? | The positive school of thought |
| Beccaria said that punishment immediately follows the crime | True |
| Lombroso's traits were NOT discredited as causes of crime | False |
| Beccaria said that punishments that were severe would be more effective at deterrence than punishment which are certain but not severe | False |
| Beccaria said that punishments should be fixed proportions between crimes and punishments | True |
| Beccaria argued laws should NOT be stated universally and clearly to that all should understand | False |
| Beccaria argued criminal court judges should have the right to interpret penal laws so they can give punishments they believe fit the circumstance of the case | False |
| What is general deterrence? | Happens when a criminal punishment is thought to stop average people in the population from committing the crime again |
| Deterrence theory and Rational choice theory are closest to which other criminological theory? | Classical theory |
| Rational choice theory says that rational elements are never involved in expressive crimes of impulsivity and pathology | False |
| Rational choice theory differs from most other crime theories because | It attempts to explain the situational context of crime |
| The rationality for committing a burglary in a wealthy neighborhood, a housing project, and a middle class suburb are NOT always going to be the same | True |
| Routine activities theory focuses on the | Criminal opportunities available |
| In routine activities theory the rise in the percentage of women in college and workforce has led to an increase in crime | True |
| According to routine activities theory the percentage of which type of murder is predicted to rise? | Stranger murder |
| What are the 3 elements of routine activities theory? | A motivated offender with criminal intentions, a person or oject providing a suitable target for the offender, and the absence of guardianship over the target |
| Burglary requires the theft of an object | False |
| What is the definition of burglary? | The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft |
| Which type of burglary has had the biggest increase over the past four decades? | Residential daytime |
| What are the four distinct burglary classifications? | Residential daytime, residential nighttime, nonresidential daytime, nonresidential nighttime |
| The trend in burglary over the recent 10 years has decreased | True |
| What type of crime is burglary? | Instrumental |
| What is the clearance rate for burglary? | 15% |
| A greater percentage of burglars are | White |
| The percentage of arrested burglars who have prior arrests is around or above | 75% |
| Victime of burglary are more likely to be | Younger and black |
| Are men or women burglars more likely to have financial need as a motive for crime? | Women |
| Burglars usually target victims who are strangers | True |
| Co-offenders are common in burglaries | True |
| What type of entry (forced or unforced) is more common in burglary? | Forced entry |
| Sexual assault offenders are more likely to recidivate upon release from prison than are most other types of offenders | False |
| Sexual assault offenders are more likely to be diagnosed with what? | Antisocial personality disorder |
| Persons involved in interfamilial sexual assaults, exhibitionism, peeping, and child molestation are likely to be | Older than others who sexually assault |
| Stranger rapes are more likely to be reported by victims than are acquaintance and date rapes | True |
| Acquaintance rapes have increased in the victime offender relationship since the 1980s and stranger rapes have decreased | True |
| Victim resistance in rape is higher when the offender is a stranger | False |
| Serial sex murder is NOT a common pattern among serial rapists | True |
| Adolescent sex offenders tend to have low social competence compared to other sex offenders | True |
| What are the types of pedophiles? | Temporary, criminal, promiscuous, careful, responsible, and saint |
| Gerry Sandusky, PSU football coach, fits the profile of which type of child molestor? | Saint |
| Marital rape is more likely to occur multiple times than other types of rape | True |
| According to social disorganization theory, high crime rate communities differ from low crime rate communities because | There is a wider range of values in high crime rate communities |
| Shaw and McKay developed which theory? | Social disorganization theory |
| Lombroso and Hooten are attributed to which theory? | Biological theory |
| Who is rational choice theory attributed to? | Cornish and Clarke |
| Routine activity theory was developed by | Cohen and Felson |
| Social disorganization theory says most delinquents commit their crimes as members of groups | True |
| What is one of the main elements of crime in relation to social disorganization theory? | Poverty |
| What is collective efficacy? | The opposite of crime; coming together collectively to act in an effective way to solve problems |
| Social disorganization theory adopts which concept? | Collective efficacy |
| Who developed differential association theory? | Edwin Sutherland |
| In differential association, it is argued that the process of learning criminal behavior involves the same mechanisms as learning conforming behavior | True |
| What theory argues that learning criminal behavior occurs in intimate personal groups not movies and newspapers? | Differential association theory |
| What things does Sutherland say DOES NOT explain criminal behavior? | General needs and values like money, job, status, happiness |
| In differential association theory, the general needs and values in society like securing money, social status, and happiness explain criminal behavior | False |
| Who is attributed to social learning theory? | Ronald Akers |
| Social learning theory argues that associations with deviant groups precede the onset of criminal behavior | True |
| Social learning theory says imitation of criminal behavior is a factor | True |
| Social learning theory argues the rewards for behavior are | Tangible and real like money OR intangible like ideaology and religion |
| The code of the streets is attributed to | Anderson |
| In neighborhoods where the subculture of violence exists, most of the families are | Decent families |
| What are the two types of families in the code of the street? | Street and Decent families |
| Which criminological theory does the code of the streets concept fit best? | Social learning theory |
| "Juice" is referred to as | insuring one's share of respect |
| All males whether they are from decent or street families have to be familiar with and deal with the code of the streets | True |
| Females usually fight over gossip or males | True |
| What is a main cause of the creation of oppositional culture in the ghetto? | Racist rejection |
| Who is attributed to bond theory? | Travis Hirschi |
| Bond theory is also known as | Control theory |
| Which element of bond theory is most related to rational choice (weighing the risk of losing what you have worked hard to obtain)? | Commitment |
| Which element in bond theory is most related to differential association with conventional activities and the expression that idle hands are the devil's workship? | Involvement |
| Which element in bond theory ismost related to the internalization of social norms from close relationships with others? | Attachment |
| Which element in bond theory is most related to a person thinking that stealing is wrong no matter which group they associate with or how much the stolen item benefits her financially? | Belief |
| Bond theory answers the question | Why don't people commit crime? |
| Bond theory is a theory about why people conform NOT why they deviate | True |
| Personality and psychopathology are the major causes of crime, says Hirschi | False |
| What are the major causes of crime in bond theory? | lack of attachment to parents or others who can instill self control in a child |
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