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#3
American Federalism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Devolution Revolution | The effort to slow the growth of the federal government by returning many functions to the states. |
| Federalism | Constitutional arrangement in which power is distributed between a central government and subdivisional governments, called states in the US. The national and the subdivisional governments both exercise direct authority over individuals. |
| Dual Federalism (Layer Cake Federalism) | Views the Constitution as giving a limited list of powers - primarily foreign policy and national defense - to the national government, leaving the rest to the sovereign states. Each level of government is dominant within its own sphere. |
| Cooperative Federalism | Stresses federalism as a system of intergovernmental relations in delivering governmental goods and services to the people and calls for cooperation among various levels of government. |
| Marble Cake Federalism | Conceives of federalism as a marble cake in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and progrmas, rather than a layer of cake, or dual federalism, with fixed divisions between layers or levels of government. |
| Competitive Federalism | Views national government, 50 states, and thousands of local governments as competing with each other over ways to put together packages of services and taxes. Applies the analogy of the marketplace: choice. |
| Permissive Federalism | Implies that although federalism provides "a sharing of power and authority between the national and state governments, the state's share rests upon the permission and permissiveness of the national government." |
| "Our Federalism" | Championed by Ronald Reagan, presumes that the power of the federal government is limited in favor of the broad powers reserved to the states. |
| Unitary System | Constitutional arrangement that concentrates power in a central government. |
| Confederation | Constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals. |
| Express Powers | Powers the Constitution specifically grants to one of the branches of the national government. |
| Implied Powers | Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its function. |
| Necessary and Proper Clause | Clause of the Constitution setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the the Constitution vests in the national government. |
| Inherent Powers | The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government. |
| Commerce Clause | The clause in the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines of affect more than one state or other nations. |
| Federal Mandate | A requirement the federal government imposes as a condition for receiving federal funds. |
| Concurrent Powers | Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
| Full Faith and Credit Clause | Clause in the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid. |
| Extradition | Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state's officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
| Interstate Compact | An agreement among two or more states. Congress must approve most such agreements. |
| National Supremacy | Constitutional doctrine that whenever conflict occurs between the constitutionally authorized actions of the national government and those of a state or local government, the actions of the federal government will prevail. |
| Preemption | The right of a federal law or a regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation. |
| Centralists | People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels. |
| Decentralists | People who favor state or local action rather than national action. |
| State's Rights | Powers expressly or implicitly reserved to the states. |
| Categorical-Formula Grants | Congress appropriates funds for a specific purpose, such as school lunches or for building airports and highways. These funds are allocated by formula and are subject to detailed federal conditions, often on a matching basis; provides federal supervision. |
| Project Grants | Congress appropriates a certain sum, which is allocated to state and local units and sometimes to nongovernmental agencies, based on applications. Examples are grants by the National Science Foundation to universities and research institutes. |
| Block Grants | Broad state grants for prescribed activities (welfare, education, health care, etc.) with only a limits. States have greater flexibility in deciding how to spend block grant dollars. Federal funds for fiscal year gone: no more matching federal dollars. |
| Direct Orders | A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. Direct orders must be compiled under threat of criminal or civil sanction. Example: Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, barring job discrimination by state and local governments. |
| Cross-Cutting Requirements | A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. Federal grants may establish certain conditions that extend to all activities supported by federal funds, regardless of their source. |
| Crossover Sanctions | A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. These sanctions permit the use of federal money in one program to influence state and local policy in another. |
| Total Partial Preemption | A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. Total preemption rests on the national government's power under the supremacy and commerce clauses to preempt conflicting state and local activity. |
| Creative Federalism | During the Greate Society, the marble cake apporach of intergovernmental relations. |
| Fiscal Federalism | Through different grant programs, slices up the marble cake into many pieces, making it even more difficult to differentiate the functions of the levels of government. |
| "Necessary and Proper" Clause | Clause in the Constitution also known as the elastic clause which grants Congress the ability to interpret its lawmaking ability in a broad manner. |
| Linkage Institutions | The means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy. |
| Photo Ops | Photo opportunity set up by the candidates. The media have been accused of simplifying complicated political issues by relying on photo ops to explain them to the public. |
| Sound Bites | 30 second statements on the evening news shows. The media have been accused of complicated political issues by relying on sound bites to explain them to the public. |
Created by:
jkim
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