study guide to the Teas V test for Life Science
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| 8 levels of the Taxonomy hierarchy | -domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species
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| How to name a species | Latin name of the genus and species is written in italics with the genus capitalized and the species not capitalized (Homo sapiens)
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| Natural Selection | -occurs when some individual of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others.
-survival of the fittest
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| Genes | stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics which are responsible for heredity
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| Every gene exists indifferent forms called... | Alleles
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| Alleles may contain mutations which.... | are changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions.
--through mutations are able to better adapt
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| Nucleic Acids | -deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
-ribonucleic acids (RNA)
-stores and transmits hereditary information
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| What do nucleic acids consist of? | -chain of nucleotides
-pentose group (sugar)
-phosphate group (the backcone which links adjoining bases together)
-nitrogenous base (encodes the genetic information ; adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine/uracil)
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| ( ) is the blueprint of the cell | DNA
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| ( ) is the messenger within the cell | RNA
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| The message stored in the bases of the DNA must be transferred to the ribosomes to make ( ) | Protein
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| Transcription | cells copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA and send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes
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| Translation | proteins are made by the ribosomes from the information sent out to the entire cell.
(protein production from messenger RNA)
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| What are the two type of bacteria cells | Prokaryotic
Eukarya
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| Parts of Prokaryotic cells | -cell wall
-semipermeable plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-organelles
-nucleoid
-plasmids
-ribosomes
-flagella
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| Cytoplasm | a rich protein fluid with gel like consistency that houses organelles
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| Organelles | tiny organs ; serves a unique function within the cell
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| Nucleoid | condensed DNA of the cell ; contains the genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins
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| Plasmids | circular portions of DNA not assoc with the nucleoid ; contain a small number of genes
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| Ribosomes | manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA
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| Flagella | long whip like projection
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| Parts of Eukarya cells | -semipermeable plasma membrane
-ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-vesicle
-mitochondria
-microtubules
-nucleus
-nucleolus
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | tubular transport network with in the cell moving proteins to the outside of the cell through secretion ; 2 types: smooth and rough
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| Golgi Apparatus | involved in the packaging and transport of proteins in the cell ; it refines, sorts, and moves proteins
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| Vesicles | small membrane bounded sacs within the cytoplasm used to transport substances in/out of the cell ; 3 types: vacuoles ( storage unit), lysosomes (contains digestive enzymes), peroxisomes (get rids of toxins)
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| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell where ATP is produced
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| Microtubules | cellular tracks, during mitosis, form the mitotic spindle
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| Nucleus | very large located in the center of the cell ; the control center which contains genetic material and directs all cell activity
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| Nucleolus | small body within the nucleus and produces ribosomes
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| Differentiation | produces a more specialized cell from a less specialized cell
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| Embryo | an egg in the early stages of development after fertilization
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| Zygote | a fertilized egg
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| What is the most critical stage of development? | Gastrulation, in which individual tissues layers begin to form.
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| When cells divide and remain undifferentiated, they are know as... | stem cells
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| Mitosis | the process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell.
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| Prior to Mitosis, the cell must make an exact copy of all its DNA. What are the steps involved during this process? | Interphase, which contains two gap periods and a synthesis period.
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| Gap 1 period (G1) | -DNA double helix unwinds exposing its bases
-messenger RNA strand is formed when RNA pairs with its complementary partner
-once copying is complete, the mRNA exits the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes
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| Synthesis period (S phase) | -DNA double helix unwinds
-mRNA (that has now been synthesized into a new complementary strand) attaches itself to the exposed base pair
-two new strands of identical DNA have now formed
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| Gap 2 period (G2) | continued protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division
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| Mitosis vs Meiosis | -Mitosis (replaces old and dying cells with genetically identical ones)
-Meiosis (results in extra genetic variability; sexual reproduction)
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| During ( ), the cells have to double their DNA content to pass one complete copy to each daughter cell. | Mitosis
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| Gametes | the cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction
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| Meiosis | the process when the DNA content is reduced when two gametes from two different individuals combine.
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| Diploid Cells | -contain two sets of chromosomes
-in mammals, all cells are diploid excepts for gamete cells
-each individual chromosomes has a twin characterisitc called a homologous chromosome
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| Haploid Cells | -contain a single set of chromosomes
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| Stages of Mitosis | -Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
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| Prophase | -spindle fibers form and the centrioles moves to opposite sides of the cell
-the nuclear membrane disappears
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| Metaphase | -chromosome align midway along the spindle fibers
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| Anaphase | -chromosomes begin to seperate from their daughters
-cytokinesis begins (seperation)
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| Telophase | -identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell
-spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis completes
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| Stages of Meiosis | -Prophae I
-Metaphase I
-Anaphase I
-Telophase I
-Prophase II
-Metaphase II
-Anaphase II
-Telophase II
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| Prophase I | -homologous chromosomes condense and link in the process forming tetrads
-allowing crossing over or recombination to occur
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| Metaphas I | -homologous chromosomes move to the metaphase plate
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| Anaphase I | -homologous chromosomes separate, but the sister chromatids stay together
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| Telophase I | -cytokinesis has occurred and two haploid daughter cells are the result
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| Prophase II | -a brief stage in which spindle fibers begin to reappear and centroles move to opposite poles
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| Metaphase II | -sister chromatids align at a new metaphase plate
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| Anaphase II | -sister chromatids separate again
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| Telophase II | -four haploid cells result after cytokinesis
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| Both ( ) and ( ) result in the formation of cellular energy for an organism, but differ in their end results | photosynthesis ; cellular rspiration
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| Process of photosynthesis | -energy fro mthe sunlight is trapped by green pigaments, chlorophyll, and used for synthesis of glucose.
-in the chloroplast, carbon dioxide, water and energy are used to produced ATP
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| What type of organisms use photosynthsis? | Autotrophs (produce their own food)
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| Process of cellular respiration | -glucose is broken down by the process of glycolysis, which transfer some energy into ATP
-the end-products of glycolysis are fed into the Krebs cycle to produce even more ATP
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| Cells use ( ) to carry out cellular respiration | Mitochondria
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| Chromosomes are located in the ( ) of a cell and contain stretches of DNA called ( ), which contain coded information that controls the heredity of particular traits | Nucleus ; Genes
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| A genetic code is made up of three sequences of nitrogenous basis of DNA, and each piece is called a ( ). Which matches a specific ( ) | Codon ; Amino Acid
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| A chain of amino acids then forms a ( ) which is the workhorse of the cell and is responsible for the expression of genetic traits | Protein
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| Genome | a complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes
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| Mutations in the genome occur by two mechanisms: | -error during DNA replication
-via a mutagen, a substances that induces a mutation
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| Mismatch Repair | Scans over the DNA to find and mismatch bases. If mismatched are found, this mechanism repairs it by removing the incorrect base and replacing it with the correct one.
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| Excision Repair | Inspects the DNA for any types of damage and attempts to repair it. If damage to the DNA strand is found, this mechanism will cut the defective strand, remove those bases, and allow the DNA polymerase to generate a new, correct piece of DNA
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| Phenotypes | the physical expression of genetic traits
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| Genotypes | is an organism's genetic makeup or code. it is the blueprint for building and maintaining all structures within the cells of the body
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| Interactions between the ( ) and the environment affect the ( ) of the organism | Genotype ; Phenotype
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| When both parent alleles give the offspring the same allele, the offspring is ( ) for that particular trait. | Homozygous
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| If each parents give the offspring a different allele for a particular trait, the offspring is ( ) for that trait | Heterozygous
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| when look at the punnett square with two heterozygous parents.... | 25% homozygous dominant, 25% homozyous recessive, and 50% heterozygous dominant ; 75% dominant and 25% recessive
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| Incomplete Dominance | when the dominant recessive genotypes interact to produce and intermediate phenotype, a mix of the two traits
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