LING-The 20 Grammatical Categories of Traditional Linguistics
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| Animacy | a grammatical category of nouns based on how sentient or alive the referent of the noun in a given taxonomic scheme is.
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| Aspect | a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state, from the point of view of the speaker.
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| Case | of a noun or pronoun is an inflectional form that indicates its grammatical function in a phrase, clause, or sentence.
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| Clusivity | is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we".
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| Definiteness | is a feature of noun phrases, distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases).
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| Degree of comparison | of an adjective or adverb describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.
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| Evidentiality | is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and/or what kind of evidence exists.
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| Focus | is most commonly understood in linguistics to refer to that part of a sentence which expresses the centre of attention or assertion of the utterance, that part of its meaning which is not presupposed in discourse.
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| Gender | is defined linguistically as a system of classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words, such as adjectives, verbs and others.
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| Mirativity | is a particular grammatical element in some languages that indicates unexpected and new information.
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| Modality | is what allows speakers to evaluate a proposition relative to a set of other propositions.
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| Mood | is a grammatical (and specifically, morphological) feature of verbs, used to signal modality.
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| Noun class | refers to a system of categorizing nouns
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| Number | is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two", or "three or more").
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| Person | in linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event; such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.
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| Polarity | is the distinction of affirmative and negative.
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| Tense | is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.
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| Topic | is informally what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.
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| Transitivity | is a property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many such objects a verb can take.
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| Voice | of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
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