Radiation Protection
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| • Diagnostic efficacy | the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reviles the presence or absence of disease
🗑
|
||||
| • Refers to the background equivalent radiation time | BERT
🗑
|
||||
| • ____Does not imply radiation risk, it is simply a means for comparison | BERT
🗑
|
||||
| • ___Emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment | BERT
🗑
|
||||
| • The answer given in terms of ___is easy for the patient to comprehend | BERT
🗑
|
||||
| • _____is not EM radiation | Ultrasound
🗑
|
||||
| • In order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength the EM radiations go as follow | radio waves, microwave, infrared, visible light, UV, x-ray, gamma, cosmic
🗑
|
||||
| • UV, visible light, radio waves, microwaves, and infrared are | ALL NONIONIZING
🗑
|
||||
| • Rad to SI units | Gray
🗑
|
||||
| • Rem to SI units | Sieverts
🗑
|
||||
| • Roentgen to SI units | C/kg
🗑
|
||||
| • What was the main effect from the disaster at Chernobyl | thyroid cancer
🗑
|
||||
| • Natural sources become increased because of the accidental or deliberate human action | ENHANCED NATURAL SOURCES
🗑
|
||||
| • A quantity that attempts to take into account the variation in biological harm that is produced by different types of radiation | Equivalent dose
🗑
|
||||
| • What does atom mean in Greek | indivisible
🗑
|
||||
| • Z in the atomic formula | atomic number aka the proton number
🗑
|
||||
| • what is X in the atomic formula | element
🗑
|
||||
| • What is A in the atomic formula | atomic mass
🗑
|
||||
| • If he asks what the difference between two of the same elements, no change occurs | (none of the above)
🗑
|
||||
| • Isotopes have the same | proton number
🗑
|
||||
| • Isobars have the same | atomic mass
🗑
|
||||
| • Isotones have the same | neutron number
🗑
|
||||
| • Isomers have the same everything but | one is in a metastable state
🗑
|
||||
| • Avogadro's number is | 6.023 x 10^23
🗑
|
||||
| • AMU for protons | 1.007amu
🗑
|
||||
| • AMU for electrons | .0005 amu
🗑
|
||||
| • AMU for neutron | 1.008 amu
🗑
|
||||
| • Charge of protons is | 1.67 x 10^-19 coulombs
🗑
|
||||
| • Charge of electrons | -1.67 x 10^-19
🗑
|
||||
| • Nuclear medicine deals with | gamma particles
🗑
|
||||
| • The mass of an atom is not exactly equal to the sum of the parts | Mass defect
🗑
|
||||
| • 1 mole | 6.023 x 10^23 (Avogadro's number)
🗑
|
||||
| • The spontaneous release of energy from the nucleus of an atom in the form of EM or particulate radiation | Radioactivity
🗑
|
||||
| • Energy propagated in space by travelling corpuscles having a definite rest mass, charge, and position | particulate radiation
🗑
|
||||
| • Energy propagated in space as oscillating electric and magnetic fields at 90 degrees to each other at the speed of light | EM radiation
🗑
|
||||
| • speed of light is | 3 x 10^8m/s and 3x10^10cm/s
🗑
|
||||
| • Which of the following benefits, deals with keeping exposure to a minimum | ALARA (only alara)
🗑
|
||||
| • Instability increases as proton number | increases
🗑
|
||||
| • planks constant | 12.4/ E(keV)
🗑
|
||||
| • What makes an particle directly ionizing | if it has a charge
🗑
|
||||
| • What is the dose response model for diagnostic x-ray | linear model
🗑
|
||||
| • Roentgen is only good for air, up to | 3 meV, and for x/gamma rays
🗑
|
||||
| • QF | RBE Wr
🗑
|
||||
| • SI unit for Roentgen is | C/Kg
🗑
|
||||
| • Lambert Beer formula | If = Ii e^-(LAC)(thickness)
🗑
|
||||
| • HVL | = ln2/LAC
🗑
|
||||
| • LAC | = ln2/HVL
🗑
|
||||
| • 1rem | = 1rad = 1R
🗑
|
||||
| • depressed WBC, RBC, platelet | Pancytopnea
🗑
|
||||
| • increase in white blood cells | leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| • scatter and absorption | Attenuation
🗑
|
||||
| • What is an alternative to characteristic | radiation, auger
🗑
|
||||
| • Coherent is aka | classical, elastic, and unmodified
🗑
|
||||
| • Compton is aka | incoherent, inelastic, and modified
🗑
|
||||
| • Which interaction involves a free or loosely bound electron | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • absorption edges involves | Photoelectric
🗑
|
||||
| • Which interaction produces a less energy photon | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • Z^2 is to | pair production
🗑
|
||||
| • Z^3/E^3 is to | PE
🗑
|
||||
| • What occurs between 100keV and 2 meV | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • What is the master target | DNA
🗑
|
||||
| • What is most dominant at low energy | coherent
🗑
|
||||
| • HVL | Ln2/u
🗑
|
||||
| • Which interaction increases with energy and Z# | photodisintegration
🗑
|
||||
| • Alternative to characteristic radiation | is auger
🗑
|
||||
| • Max amount of electrons in the orbital shells is | 2n^2
🗑
|
||||
| • What is the number of electrons in the valence shell | 8
🗑
|
||||
| • Wave model | C= wavelength x frequency
🗑
|
||||
| • quantum model | E=hv
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F The probability of an 80Kev photon being scattered is greater for tin z=50 than for aluminum z=13 | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F In compton interaction the electron acquires any energy from 0 up to the energy of an incident photon | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F Wavelength of a scatter photon may be shorter than wavelength of an incident photon | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • The probability of a ____interaction increases with Z number and decreases with increasing energy | PE
🗑
|
||||
| • A photon may scatter from an atom without losing energy | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • A photon may be emitted from an atom without ionizing it | true
🗑
|
||||
| • When an electron is removed from an atom the atom is said to be | ionized
🗑
|
||||
| • The major controlling factor for beam quality that is under the direct control of the tech is | kVp
🗑
|
||||
| • The major control factor beam quantity under control of the tech | mAs
🗑
|
||||
| • Which equation would be used for the wavelength of a photon | lambda=12.4/E
🗑
|
||||
| • What interaction ionizes water causing free radicals | indirect
🗑
|
||||
| • A photon of frequency 100mHz has a wavelength of | 3m/s
🗑
|
||||
| • Which interaction causes the most absorbed dose to the patient | PE
🗑
|
||||
| • In order of increasing magnitude | characteristic, Brems, heat
🗑
|
||||
| • occupational dose is | 5rem
🗑
|
||||
| • extremity MPD | 50rem
🗑
|
||||
| • MPD for lens of the eye | 15rem
🗑
|
||||
| • MPD for the skin | 50rem
🗑
|
||||
| • MPD for fetus per month | .05rem
🗑
|
||||
| • MPD for the pregnant worker | 5rem
🗑
|
||||
| • The HVL of the beam | beam penetrating, and beam quality
🗑
|
||||
| • Z number for bone | 13.8
🗑
|
||||
| • Z number for air | 7.4
🗑
|
||||
| • Z number for soft tissue | 7.6
🗑
|
||||
| • What affects the attenuation | energy of beam/ the density of absorbing tissue/ the Z# and e/gm of tissue
🗑
|
||||
| • The rate of energy transfer by an electron through matter is | linear energy transfer
🗑
|
||||
| • Increases with increasing energy | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • Which interaction involves a free electron | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • When electron is removed from an atom, the atom is | ionized
🗑
|
||||
| • The maximum number of electrons in the orbital shells of an atom is | 2n ^2
🗑
|
||||
| • X-rays, gamma rays, electrons(Beta) have weighting factors of | 1
🗑
|
||||
| • Wr for proton | 5
🗑
|
||||
| • Alpha has a weighting factor of | 20
🗑
|
||||
| • Increasing magnitude order is as follows | Characteristic, Brems, heat
🗑
|
||||
| • The major controlling factor quantity is | mAs
🗑
|
||||
| • Filtrating of x-ray beam will result in | hardening, more penetrating, decrease in quantity, increase in quality
🗑
|
||||
| • What type of interaction forms free radicals | indirect
🗑
|
||||
| • Most dominant at low photon energies | PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT (I have confirmed it is PE, not coherent)
🗑
|
||||
| • Which interaction occurs with free or outer shell electrons | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • A photon CAN NOT undergo 2 consecutive | PE interactions
🗑
|
||||
| • What interaction occurs between 100kev and 2 mev | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • Only important at energy above 2 mev | pair production
🗑
|
||||
| • No energy is transferred or locally absorbed | coherent
🗑
|
||||
| • Is affected by absorption edges | PE
🗑
|
||||
| • A lower energy photon is produced | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • The building block of all organic materials is | DNA
🗑
|
||||
| • Does not depend on Z | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • Occurs with an outer shell or free electron | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • Increasing with increasing photon energy | compton
🗑
|
||||
| • Increases as energy and Z number increase | photodisintegration
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F the probability of an 80 kev photon being scattered is greater for tin (z=50) than for aluminum (z=13) | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • In compton interaction, the electron may acquire energy from zero up to the energy of the incident photon | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • Wavelength of a scattered photon may be shorter than the wavelength of an incident photon | wavelength
🗑
|
||||
| • A photon can undergo 2 consecutive PE interactions | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • Threshold energy for Pair production is | 1.02 MeV
🗑
|
||||
| • The probability of ___decreases with increasing energy is | PE
🗑
|
||||
| • A photon may scatter from an atom without losing energy | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • A photon can be emitted from an atom without ionizing the atom | TRUE
🗑
|
||||
| • The major control factor for beam quality is | kVp
🗑
|
||||
| • The major controlling factor for beam quantity is | mAs
🗑
|
||||
| • What equation is used to find wavelength | lambda = 12.4/E
🗑
|
||||
| • The property that determines whether a type of radiation is directly or indirectly ionizing is the | charge
🗑
|
||||
| • Alternative to characteristic is | auger
🗑
|
||||
| • The HVL of the radiation beam expresses the | beam quality and penetrating ability
🗑
|
||||
| • What affects attenuation | energy of beam/the density of the tissue/the Z#/ the e/gm of tissue
🗑
|
||||
| • The rate of energy transferred by an electron as it moves through matter is referred to as | LET
🗑
|
||||
| • A function of Z^3E^-3 is | PE
🗑
|
||||
| • In order of increasing magnitude | characteristic, bremstrahlung, heat
🗑
|
||||
| • radiobiology is the | study of radiation effects on living tissue
🗑
|
||||
| • exposure is | energy absorbed in a given mass in air
🗑
|
||||
| • EfD is used for | cancer
🗑
|
||||
| • Natural background radiation is | cosmic, terrestrial and internal
🗑
|
||||
| • What dose is considered safe | 0 Gy
🗑
|
||||
| • radon is more harmful in | basements
🗑
|
||||
| • Most dominant at energies below 30 kvp | PE
🗑
|
||||
| • A function of Z^2 | Pair production
🗑
|
||||
| • What are cells made of | protoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| • How many amino acids are involved in protein synthesis | 22
🗑
|
||||
| • What produces antibodies | B lymphocytes
🗑
|
||||
| • What are the most important polysaccharides | starches and animal glycogen
🗑
|
||||
| • How many types of tRNA exist | 22
🗑
|
||||
| • How many base pairs in the human genome | 2.9 billion or 2.9 x 10^9
🗑
|
||||
| • What enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment | ER
🗑
|
||||
| • What makes glycoproteins | Golgi apparatus
🗑
|
||||
| • Where are proteins synthesized | ribosomes
🗑
|
||||
| • What are the garbage disposals of the cell | lysosomes
🗑
|
||||
| • What compose interphase | G1, S, G2
🗑
|
||||
| • What process do somatic cells divide in | mitosis
🗑
|
||||
| • Is water the master target | NO, dna is
🗑
|
||||
| • What is the master target | DNA
🗑
|
||||
| • What determines the characteristics of living things | order of nitrogenous bases
🗑
|
||||
| • How much of a cell is composed of water | 80-85%
🗑
|
||||
| • DNA backbone is sugar phosphate, and the phosphate group controls the function of the cell | FALSE
🗑
|
||||
| • Bond that connects amino acids | peptide bond
🗑
|
||||
| • Lipids are not responsible for the structure of | acellular organs
🗑
|
||||
| • Lipid functions include | aiding in digestion, support/protect/growth and development, protect and guard, support, lubricate joints, insulate
🗑
|
||||
| • Oncogenes can be activated by radiation to (ALL THE ABOVE) | anything that causes mutation can cause cancer which is a predeterminant of cancer.
🗑
|
||||
| • The normal white blood cell count is | 5000-10000
🗑
|
||||
| • As LET ____ RBE ______ | Increases, Increase
🗑
|
||||
| • D1 | The initial dose
🗑
|
||||
| • Dq | sub lethal dose (aka quasi threshold)
🗑
|
||||
| • D0 | radiosensitivity
🗑
|
||||
| • X axis | of the CSC is DOSE
🗑
|
||||
| • Y axis | of the CSC is the survival fraction
🗑
|
||||
| • If bone marrow is exposed to a low enough dose, the cells are | able to repopulate
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F neutrons are categorized as indirectly ionization | TRUE, because they have NO charge
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F neutrons give rise to alpha particles, protons, and other heavy particles | TRUE
🗑
|
||||
| • Cataracts are | non stochastic Threshold
🗑
|
||||
| • The f-factor increases with increasing Z # and decreasing energy | is the roentgen to rad conversion factor, and is .876 rads/R in AIR
🗑
|
||||
| • 250 keV x-rays is the standard for calculating | RBE
🗑
|
||||
| • X-rays are indirectly ionizing and produce | fast recoil electrons
🗑
|
||||
| • In regards to the beam, HVL relates to | penetrating ability and quality
🗑
|
||||
| • For non-stochastic, the only answer is | after a certain threshold dose, an effect can be seen
🗑
|
||||
| • Cell survival fraction is a function of | DOSE
🗑
|
||||
| • Radosensitivity of ova ________throughout the lifetime of the cell | varies considerably
🗑
|
||||
| • X axis | of the CSC is DOSE
🗑
|
||||
| • Y axis | of the CSC is the survival fraction
🗑
|
||||
| • If bone marrow is exposed to a low enough dose, the cells are | able to repopulate
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F neutrons are categorized as indirectly ionization | TRUE, because they have NO charge
🗑
|
||||
| • T/F neutrons give rise to alpha particles, protons, and other heavy particles | TRUE
🗑
|
||||
| • How to calculate roentgens to C/Kg | 1R/2.58 x 10^-4
🗑
|
||||
| • Epithelial cells divide, through mitosis | TRUE
🗑
|
||||
| • How often do Muscle and nerve cells divide | DO NOT
🗑
|
||||
| • As LET increases RBE will increase up to a max value | (100 keV)
🗑
|
||||
| • Permanent sterility for Ova/sperm | a single dose of 5 Gy
🗑
|
||||
| • OER | Cell wO2/Cell wo O2
🗑
|
||||
| • LET is measured in | Kev per micron (um)
🗑
|
||||
| • ___is electromagnetic radiation such as xrays and gamma rays | Low LET radiation
🗑
|
||||
| • ___includes particles that posses substantial mass and charge | High LET radiation
🗑
|
||||
| • Approximately ___ of all radiation induced damage is caused by___ | Two thirds, Hydroxyl OH*
🗑
|
||||
| • What is the window of maximum sensitiviy | is 8 to 15 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| • Organogenesis is | 8 to 15 weeks 10 days to 6 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| • Which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body? | Indirect Action
🗑
|
||||
| • OH*+OH*= | H2O2
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
danniegiirl
Popular Radiology sets