Terms from the ASL Linguistics Book
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| Linguistics | the scientific study of language
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| morphology | the study of the way in which words are constructed out of smaller meaningful units
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| phonetics | the study of speech sounds
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| phonology | the study of the smallest contrastive units of a language
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| symmetry condition | in a two handed sign, if both hands move, they will have the same hand shape
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| dominance condition | in a two-handed sign, if each hand has a different hand shape, then only the active/dominant hand can move
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| 7 Basic Passive Handshapes | B A S O C 1 5
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| Arbitrary Signs | the actual form of the sign does not represent the concept conveyed
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| Iconic Signs | signs that resemble the concept that they represent (more pictorial)
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| Onomatopoeia | the linguistic form of a word symbolizes the sound of the object or activity to which it refers
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| Phonesthesia | a group of words that resemble each other and whose forms seem to reflect their meaning
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| Duality of Patterning | the symbols of which a language is composed can be broken down into smaller parts
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| Pragmatics | the meaning of a word or sentence depends on aspects of the context in which it is used
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| Displacement | the features of a language that allow us to refer to different time periods
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| what year was the first american school for the deaf founded? | 1817
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| What was the name of the first school for the deaf? | Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons
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| What is the new name of the first school for the deaf? | American School for the Deaf
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| Where was the first school for the Deaf founded? | Hartford, Connecticut
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| Who founded the first school for the deaf? | Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc
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| Why were english-based forms of ASL developed? | To help teach deaf children english (deaf education)
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| Five Basic Parts of a sign (Parameters) | handshape, movement, location, orientation, non-manual markers
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| conventions | agreed upon symbols
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| stokoe method | []√C‡√Cvו
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| minimal pair | signs that are identical in all parameters except one
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| Liddell-Johnson Method | X M H M H
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| Phonological Processes | the way in which the parts of signs interact with each other
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| movement epenthesis | the process of adding a movement segment between two signs
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| hold deletion | eliminates hold between movements when signs occur in sequence
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| metathesis | the segments of a sign can change places without changing the meaning (deaf, congress, flower)
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| assimilation | a segment of a sign takes on the characteristics of another segment near it
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| morpheme | the smallest meaningful units of a language
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| free morpheme | morphemes that can be produced as an independent unit
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| bound morpheme | morphemes that must occur in conjunction with other morphemes
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| reduplication | the process of repeating a movement, typically to change a verb to a noun
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| affixation | the process of adding bound morphemes to other forms to create new units (such as prefixes and suffixes)
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| first contact rule | in a compound sign, only the first contact of the sign is kept
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| single sequence rule | the initial movement or the repetition of movement is eliminated in a compund sign
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| weak hand anticipation rule | in forming a signed compound, often the weak hand will anticipate the second sign in the compound
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| movement epenthesis | the adding of a movement segement between the parts of a comound sign
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| hold deletion | in forming a compound sign, the noncontact holds between movements are eliminated
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| assimilation | a segment of a compound sign takes on the characteristics of a sign near it
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| compounding | combining two signs in order to create new meaning
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| lexicalized fingerspelling | fingerspelled signs become sign-like
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| loan signs | signs that are borrowed from other signed languages
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| orthographic symbols | written english words
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| articulatory function of space | the location of the sign provides no additional information, the space it uses is simply the space needed to produce it
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| Phonological use of space | changing the location of the sign changes its meaning
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| morphological use of space | space is used to show person and number (GIVE TO HIM)
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| aspectual markers | space is used to show how something is done (giving continuously)
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| referential use of space | a location in space may be associated with a nominal (noun)
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| locative function of space | space provides information about the location of a person or object in a 3D framework, how something moves
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| frame of reference | who's perspective the signing is from
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| relative frame of reference | signer's own perspective is used
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| intrinsic features | signs or classifiers show identifiable parts of a nominal (noun)
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| absolute frame of reference | the signing is from no specific perspective (north is up)
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| narrative perspective | a signer may take on the role of the characters
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| plain verbs | verbs that are produced in a static location that cannot be altered without changing the meaning of the sign
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| indicating verbs | verbs that move toward specific people, objects, or spatial locations
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| depicting verbs | verbs that contain information related to action or state of being and convey information about aspects of meaning
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| reciprocal verbs | two entities exchanging of something (they look at each other)
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| locative verbs | the actual direction or location of the sign contains specific meaning
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| intransitive verbs | verbs that do not allow objects
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| transitive verbs | verbs that allow for objects
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| ASL word order | SVO (subject, verb, object)
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| word order, simple sentence, intransitive plain verb | SV (subject, verb)or subject, verb, pronoun or verb pronoun
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| Topicalization | the topic or prominent information is placed at the beginning of the sentence
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| predicate | the part of the sentence that says something about the noun or noun phrase
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| productive classifier predicate | each part of the classifier has meaning and can be seperated
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| lexicalized classifier predicate | a classifier that has become a sign, the parts of the sign no longer have independent meaning
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| aspect | information contained in the predicate that tells us how the action of the predicate is done (never-ending, frequent, intense)
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| derivational morphology | the process of making new units for the language
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| inflectional morphology | the process of adding grammatical information to units that already exist (-s, -er)
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| syntax aka grammar | the rules for making sentences
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| lexical categories | verb, noun, adjectives, adverbs
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| determiners | words or signs that modify nouns (the, a, an) (in ASL the use of pointing)
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| auxiliary verbs | verbs that accompany other verbs or predicates and are used to add tense and aspect information (WILL, CAN, FINISH, MUST)
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| prepositions | words that show the relationships between nouns and predicates
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| what is the NMM for a yes-no question? | eyebrows raised (what type of question?)
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| what is the NMM for a wh- question? | lowered eyebrows (what type of question?)
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| QM wg | the question mark wiggle
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| rhetorical questions (rhet) | questions that do not expect an answer, raised eyebrows
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| How are commands (imperatives) glossed? | *SIT*
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| conditionals (cond) | express a condition upon which the topics being discussed depend
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| habitual time | signs that are changed to represent a habit (every monday)
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| semantics | the study of the rule-governed ways in which languages structure meaning
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| referential meaning | the idea, thing, or state of affairs described by a sentence or sign
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| social meaning | signs provide information about the signer (gender, race, location)
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| affective meaning | signs provide information about the signer's feelings, attitude, or opinions about a piece of information
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| denotation | the dictionary definition of a word
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| connotation | the feelings associated with a word
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| lexicon | the collection of words or signs that a person knows
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| lexical items | the individual words that a person knows
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| hyponyms | the items in a category
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| hypernym | the broad category
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| part/whole relationship | two signs that are a part of each other, not an item in a category
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| synonymy (synonyms) | two signs or words that mean the same thing
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| antonymy (antonyms) | two words or signs that have opposite meanings
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| converseness | pairs of signs that have a resemblance to each other and a relationship (WIFE, HUSBAND)
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| gradation | altering some feature of an existing sign instead of adding a whole new sign (half-dead)
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| metaphor | an extension of the use of a word or sign beyond its primary meaning
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| orientational metaphors | metaphors that rely on spatial information
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| ontological metaphors | metaphors that treat abstract entities, states, and events as though they were objects (climbing out of debt)
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| structural metaphors | metaphors that treat one concept in the terms of a more tangible concept (time is money)
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| semantic role | how sentences show who did what to whom, with whom, and for whom
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| sociolinguistics | the study of the interrelationship of language and social structure
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| communicative competence | someone who know a language well has this
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| variation in language | people have different ways of saying the same thing
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| historical change | the old and new form of a sign may co-exist for a while, but the old sign may disappear over time
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| morphosyntactic variation | the process of the dropping of the subject pronoun with verb that typically require a subject (FEEL, KNOW, LIKE)
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| register variation | the language that is appropriate for certain situations
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| code-switching | happens when a bilingual person is using one language and then changes to another language
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| foreign talk | a native user simplifies their own language to compensated for a foreigner
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| interference | when a bilingual person unconsciously uses parts of one language in another language
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| lexicalized mouthing | ASL mouth configurations that resemble their english words
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| contact signing | the result of contact between english and ASL, containing features of both
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| types of stories in deaf culture | ABC stories, Numerical Stories, Classifier Stories, Percussion Song, Drama
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