Populations
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| Mendelian ratio | heterozygous cross gives 3 to 1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotype
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| phenotype | expression of trait
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| genotype | individual’s genetic make up
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| complete dominance | for any 1 trait, a diploid individual will have 2 chromosomes each containing a separate gene that codes for that specific trait, homologous by definition
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| locus | position on respective chromosomes where corresponding genes of homologous genes are
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| allele | one of 2 forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene
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| Law of Segregation | alleles segregate independently of each other when forming gametes (any gamete is equally likely to possess any allele - with complete dominance theory gene expression)
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| partial or incomplete dominance | when heterozygous individual exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate btw its homozygous counterparts
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| how to represent alleles with partial dominance | with same capital letter distinguished w/ prime or superscript
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| codominance | when heterozygous individuals exhibit both phenotypes (ex: human blood type)
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| Law of Independent Assortment | genes located on diff chromosomes assort independently of each other (genes that code for diff traits when located on diff chromosomes do not affect each other during gamete formation)
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| if two genes are located on the same chromosome, the likelihood they will remain together during gamete formation is (directly/indirectly) proportional to the distance separating them | indirectly proportional - the closer they are together, the more likely they will remain together
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| phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross | 9:3:3:1
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| sex chromosomes | 23rd pair of chromosomes which establish the sex of the individual
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| karyotype | map of chromosomes
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| sex-linked gene | gene found on the sex chromosome, usually carried on the X chromosome and will be expressed in males whether dominant or not
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| barr body | dark object formed when one of the X chromosomes condenses, formed at random, so active allele is split about evenly among cells
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| gene pool | total of all alleles in a population
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| evolution | change in the gene pool
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| taxonomical classification order | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| domains | superkingdoms, there are three: bacteria, archea, and eukarya
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| species | loosely limited to, but not inclusive of, all organism that can reproduce fertile offspring w/ each other
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| examples of how diff species may be prevented from producing fit offspring | geographic isolation, habitat isolation, seasonal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation, hybrid inviability, select hybrid elimination, or behavioral isolation
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| geographic isolation | separated by geography
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| habitat isolation | live in the same location but have different habitats
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| seasonal isolation | mate in different seasons
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| mechanical isolation | physically impossible to mate
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| gametic isolation | gametes are incompatible
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| hybrid inviability or sterility | hybrid malformed
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| selective hybrid elimination | hybrid is less fit
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| behavioral isolation | different mating rituals
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| niche | the way in which a species exploits its environments - no 2 species can occupy the same niche indefinitely
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| survival of the fittest | theory which predicts that one species will exploit their environment more efficiently, eventually leading to the extinction of the other with the same niche
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| “fittest” organism | organism which can best survive to reproduce offspring which will in turn reproduce offspring and so on generation after generation
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| two opposing reproductive strategies | r-selection and k-selection
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| r-selection | producing large
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| density independent factors affecting reproduction strategies | floods or drastic temp change
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| density dependent factors affecting reproduction strategies | carrying capacity (max number of organisms an environment can contain)
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| K-selection | produces small brood size with slow maturing offspring and strong parental care, has sigmoidal growth curve that levels off at carrying capacity
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| speciation | process by which new species are formed, occurs when gene flow ceases btw 2 sections of a population
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| factors which bring about speciation | geographic, seasonal, and behavioral isolation
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| adaptive radiation | occurs when several separate species arise from single ancestral species
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| evolutionary bottleneck | when species faces a crisis so severe as to cause a shift in the allelic frequencies of the survivors of the crisis
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| divergent evolution | exists when 2+ species evolving from the same grp maintain a similar structure from the common ancestor (homologus structure)
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| convergent evolution | when two species independently evolve similar structures (analagous or homoplastic) - ex: wings evolved by bats and birds who do not have common ancestor
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| polymorphism | occurrence of distinct phenotypic forms that vary gradually w/in a species (ex: height, flower color)
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| symbiosis | relationship btw two species
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| when symbiosis is beneficial for both species, it is called... | mutualism
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| when symbiosis is beneficial for one, but does not affect the other, it is called … | commensalism
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| when symbiosis is beneficial for one, but detrimental to the other, it is called … | parasitism
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| five conditions of hardy weinberg | large population, mutational equilibrium, no net migration, random mating, and no survival of the fittest
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| genetic drift | where one allele may be permanently lost due to death of all members having that allele, found in small populations but not caused by selective pressure
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| formula to predict genotype frequency of a gene w/ on 2 alleles in hardy-weinberg equilbirum | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 where p+q= 1
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| urey-miller experiment | one of the 1st experiments to try and show the atmosphere of early earth resulting from autosynthesis of molecules such as urea, amino acids, and even adenine
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| coacervates | first cells are thought to evolve from these lipid or protein bilayer bubbles, they spontaneously form and grow from fat molecules suspended in water
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| chordata | phylum containing humans, means they have bilateral symmetry, are deutorosomes, have coelom, and at some stage in their development they posses a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, and tail
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| deutorosomes | organisms whose anus develops from or near the blastopore
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| coelom | body cavity within mesodermal tissue, found in chordata
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| notochord | an embryonic axial support, but not the backbone
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| Vertebrata | subphylum chordata whose notochord is replaced by segmented cartilage or bone structure
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