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EK Bio 9
Populations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mendelian ratio | heterozygous cross gives 3 to 1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotype |
| phenotype | expression of trait |
| genotype | individual’s genetic make up |
| complete dominance | for any 1 trait, a diploid individual will have 2 chromosomes each containing a separate gene that codes for that specific trait, homologous by definition |
| locus | position on respective chromosomes where corresponding genes of homologous genes are |
| allele | one of 2 forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene |
| Law of Segregation | alleles segregate independently of each other when forming gametes (any gamete is equally likely to possess any allele - with complete dominance theory gene expression) |
| partial or incomplete dominance | when heterozygous individual exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate btw its homozygous counterparts |
| how to represent alleles with partial dominance | with same capital letter distinguished w/ prime or superscript |
| codominance | when heterozygous individuals exhibit both phenotypes (ex: human blood type) |
| Law of Independent Assortment | genes located on diff chromosomes assort independently of each other (genes that code for diff traits when located on diff chromosomes do not affect each other during gamete formation) |
| if two genes are located on the same chromosome, the likelihood they will remain together during gamete formation is (directly/indirectly) proportional to the distance separating them | indirectly proportional - the closer they are together, the more likely they will remain together |
| phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross | 9:3:3:1 |
| sex chromosomes | 23rd pair of chromosomes which establish the sex of the individual |
| karyotype | map of chromosomes |
| sex-linked gene | gene found on the sex chromosome, usually carried on the X chromosome and will be expressed in males whether dominant or not |
| barr body | dark object formed when one of the X chromosomes condenses, formed at random, so active allele is split about evenly among cells |
| gene pool | total of all alleles in a population |
| evolution | change in the gene pool |
| taxonomical classification order | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| domains | superkingdoms, there are three: bacteria, archea, and eukarya |
| species | loosely limited to, but not inclusive of, all organism that can reproduce fertile offspring w/ each other |
| examples of how diff species may be prevented from producing fit offspring | geographic isolation, habitat isolation, seasonal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation, hybrid inviability, select hybrid elimination, or behavioral isolation |
| geographic isolation | separated by geography |
| habitat isolation | live in the same location but have different habitats |
| seasonal isolation | mate in different seasons |
| mechanical isolation | physically impossible to mate |
| gametic isolation | gametes are incompatible |
| hybrid inviability or sterility | hybrid malformed |
| selective hybrid elimination | hybrid is less fit |
| behavioral isolation | different mating rituals |
| niche | the way in which a species exploits its environments - no 2 species can occupy the same niche indefinitely |
| survival of the fittest | theory which predicts that one species will exploit their environment more efficiently, eventually leading to the extinction of the other with the same niche |
| “fittest” organism | organism which can best survive to reproduce offspring which will in turn reproduce offspring and so on generation after generation |
| two opposing reproductive strategies | r-selection and k-selection |
| r-selection | producing large |
| density independent factors affecting reproduction strategies | floods or drastic temp change |
| density dependent factors affecting reproduction strategies | carrying capacity (max number of organisms an environment can contain) |
| K-selection | produces small brood size with slow maturing offspring and strong parental care, has sigmoidal growth curve that levels off at carrying capacity |
| speciation | process by which new species are formed, occurs when gene flow ceases btw 2 sections of a population |
| factors which bring about speciation | geographic, seasonal, and behavioral isolation |
| adaptive radiation | occurs when several separate species arise from single ancestral species |
| evolutionary bottleneck | when species faces a crisis so severe as to cause a shift in the allelic frequencies of the survivors of the crisis |
| divergent evolution | exists when 2+ species evolving from the same grp maintain a similar structure from the common ancestor (homologus structure) |
| convergent evolution | when two species independently evolve similar structures (analagous or homoplastic) - ex: wings evolved by bats and birds who do not have common ancestor |
| polymorphism | occurrence of distinct phenotypic forms that vary gradually w/in a species (ex: height, flower color) |
| symbiosis | relationship btw two species |
| when symbiosis is beneficial for both species, it is called... | mutualism |
| when symbiosis is beneficial for one, but does not affect the other, it is called … | commensalism |
| when symbiosis is beneficial for one, but detrimental to the other, it is called … | parasitism |
| five conditions of hardy weinberg | large population, mutational equilibrium, no net migration, random mating, and no survival of the fittest |
| genetic drift | where one allele may be permanently lost due to death of all members having that allele, found in small populations but not caused by selective pressure |
| formula to predict genotype frequency of a gene w/ on 2 alleles in hardy-weinberg equilbirum | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 where p+q= 1 |
| urey-miller experiment | one of the 1st experiments to try and show the atmosphere of early earth resulting from autosynthesis of molecules such as urea, amino acids, and even adenine |
| coacervates | first cells are thought to evolve from these lipid or protein bilayer bubbles, they spontaneously form and grow from fat molecules suspended in water |
| chordata | phylum containing humans, means they have bilateral symmetry, are deutorosomes, have coelom, and at some stage in their development they posses a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, and tail |
| deutorosomes | organisms whose anus develops from or near the blastopore |
| coelom | body cavity within mesodermal tissue, found in chordata |
| notochord | an embryonic axial support, but not the backbone |
| Vertebrata | subphylum chordata whose notochord is replaced by segmented cartilage or bone structure |
Created by:
miniangel918
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