fluids and solids
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| density | rho = m/v
SI units of kg/m^3
all fluids/solids will have constant density on MCAT
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| specific gravity | S.G. = density of substance / density of water
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| density of water in kg/m^3 | 1000
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| density of water in g/cm^3 | 1
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| fluid pressure | pressure experienced by object submersed in fluid, resulting from impulse of molecular collision on the surface area of the object; measure of KE due to random velocities of molecules w/in fluid distributed over fluid volume
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| pressure equals.. | P = F/A
SI unit, Pascal
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| pressure for fluid at rest | P = rho*g*y where y is the depth of the fluid
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| in any fluid open to atmosphere, pressure equals | P = pgy + P atmosphere where Patmosphere = 101,000 Pa
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| gauge pressure | measure of pressure compared to local atmospheric pressure
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| Pascal's principle | pressure applied anywhere to an enclosed incompressible fluid will be distributed undiminished throughout the fluid
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| hydraulic lift | simple machine that works via Pascal's principle where pushing up on piston 1 will push up piston 2 (pressure on incompressible fluid)
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| buoyancy force | Fb = pfluid*V*g where V is the volume of the fluid displaced
*doesn't change w/depth
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| fraction submerged = | = density of floating object / density of the fluid
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| ideal fluid | has no viscosity, is incompressible, lacks turbulence, and experiences irrotational flow, flow rate is constant
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| continuity eqn | Q = Av where Q is the volume flow rate, A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, and v is the velocity
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| Bernoulli's eqn | P + pgh + 1/2pv^2 = constant
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| velocity of fluid emptying in a tank | v = sqrt(2gh)
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| fluid in pipe- as velocity increases, pressure... | decreases
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| streamline | path followed by a hypothetical fluid particle; closer they are, the greater the velocity but they never intersect
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| non-ideal fluids and pipe narrowing | will increase the velocity of the non-ideal fluid (so would ideal fluid) but drag must be taken into consideration - will not increase velocity as much as in ideal fluid
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| fluid tends to flow from high pressure to low pressure - eqn? | change in pressure = Q*R where R is the resistance to flow
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| surface tension | intensity of the intermolecular forces per unit length, responsible for formation of water droplets where intermolecular forces pull inward to minimize surface are
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| surface tension is dependent on.. | temp of fluid (higher T, weaker ST)
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| capillary action | balance btw the intermolecular forces of the fluid molecules (cohesive) and the forces btw fluid molecules and the tubing (adhesive)
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| cohesive forces stronger in tube.. | (ST forces) fluid is pulled downward by ST and forms convex meniscus
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| adhesive forces are stronger in tube .. | (forces btw fluid and tubing) fluid is pulled upward by ST and forms concave meniscus
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| stress | force applied to object divided by the area over which the force is applied = F/A
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| strain | fractional change in an object's shape = change in dimension/original dimension
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| modulus of elasticity | stress/strain
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| Young's modulus | (E) tensile stress modulus
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| shear modulus | (G) shear stress modulus
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| bulk modulus | (B) compression and expansion
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| linear thermal expansion | change in length = length*alpha*change in T where alpha is constant unique to the particle substance
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| volume thermal expansion | change in volume = volume * beta * change in T where beta is the constant unique to the particular substance
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