AICP Legal Precedent, Historical Figures, Population Estimation Etc.
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| 1785 | Ordinance of 1785. Provided for rectangular land survey of west | ||||
| 1855 | First Model Tenement built in Manhattan | ||||
| 1862 | Homestead Act. opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for nominal fee and 5 years residence | ||||
| 1864 | NY Council of Hygiene of Citizens Association raises housing and sanitary standards | ||||
| 1867-NY | 1st Tenement Housing Law in NY for physical conditions. | ||||
| 1867-SF | Beginning of Zoning. SF prohibits specific obnoxious uses in certain districts. | ||||
| 1879 | Dumbbell Tenement. Multifamily housing type with insufficient light and air. Banned in 1901 | ||||
| 1880 | Pullman Illinois. Model industrial town, now part of South Chicago | ||||
| 1890 | How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis) published. Neighborhood reform. | ||||
| 1892 | US Federal Government recognition of slums and cities | ||||
| 1893 | World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Source of City Beautiful | ||||
| 1898 | Tomorrow a Peaceful Path to Real Reform Published by Ebenezer Howard. Beginning of Garden City Movement. Reissued 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow. | ||||
| 1899 | 1st State Court support of laws restricting heights of buildings | ||||
| 1901 | NY State Tenement Law. Outlaws tenement houses and dumbbell tenement. | ||||
| Lawrence Veiller | Reforming behind Tenement Law | ||||
| 1903 - England | Letchworth. 1st Garden City, England. | ||||
| 1903 - US | Cleveland Civic Center. Daniel H. Burnham | ||||
| 1906 | Burnham Plan for San Francisco. City Beautiful principles. | ||||
| 1907 | 1st Comprehensive City Survey Pittsburgh. | ||||
| 1907 | 1st permanent planning board Hartford Connecticut | ||||
| 1909 | 1st National Conference on City Planning, D.C. | ||||
| 1909 | 1st American use of zoning to restrict development. LA | ||||
| 1909 | 1st State Enabling Act, Wisconsin | ||||
| 1909 | Plan of Chicago, Burnham | ||||
| 1910 | 1st American test of Neighborhood idea. Forest Hill Gardens, Long Island | ||||
| 1913 | 1st American Planning Textbook. Flavel Shurtleff, "Carrying out the City Plan" | ||||
| 1913 | Ford & Goodrich. 1st planning firm. | ||||
| 1914 | 1st Municipally employed planner. Harland Bartholomew, Newark NJ | ||||
| 1915 | 1st State to institute extraterritorial mandatory referral of subdivision plats. California | ||||
| 1915 | "Cities in Evolution" Patrick Geddes. Regional Planning Theory | ||||
| 1916 | National Park Service Established. 1st Federal Aid Highway Act | ||||
| 1916 | "Planning of the Modern City" Nelson Lewis. | ||||
| Father of Zoning | Edward Bassett. Worked with George McAneny on NYC Board of Estimates and 1st comprehensive zoning resolution. | ||||
| 1916 | 1st Regional functional authority plan. Miami Ohio | ||||
| 1917 | Fred Law Olmstead Jr. 1st president of American City Planning Institute. ACPI. | ||||
| 1919 | Boston. Sewer, Water and Park Commissions | ||||
| 1919 | Bronx River Parkway, NY | ||||
| 1919 | Ohio Planning Conference. Citizen Planning Organization | ||||
| 1921 | New Orleans Vieux Carre Commission, 1st historic preservation commission in US | ||||
| 1921 | 1st Bi-State Authority. Port Authority NY | ||||
| 1922 | Inaugeration of Regional Plan of NY. Thomas Adams | ||||
| 1922 | LA County Regional Planning Commission. | ||||
| 1922 | County Club Plaza, KC Car oriented shopping center. | ||||
| 1924 | Standard State Zoning Enabling Act. Department of Commerce under Hoover. | ||||
| 1925 | Cincinnati Plan. 1st comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman) | ||||
| Alfred Bettman | Cincinnati Comprehensive Plan. 1925. Euclid/Ambler. ASPO President. | ||||
| Ernest Burgess | Concentric Zone model of urban structure and land use. | ||||
| 1926 | 1st Public subsidy for housing, State of NY. | ||||
| 1928 | US Department of Commerce under Hoover Standard City Planning Enabling Act | ||||
| 1928 | 1st "New Town" Radburn, NJ | ||||
| 1929 | Clarence Perry monograph on Neighborhood Unit | ||||
| Neighborhood Unit | Clarence Perry | ||||
| 1929 | Stock Market crash. | ||||
| 1931 | National Land Utilization Conference in Chicago | ||||
| 1933 | FDR Inaugurated. New Deal begins | ||||
| 1933 | Tennessee Valley Authority. Senator George Norris. Regional program in economic, social, physical development by federal government | ||||
| 1933 | US National Planning Board | ||||
| 1934 | National Housing Act. Birth of FHA (mortgage insurance | ||||
| 1934 | ASPO American Society of Planning Officials (Alfred Bettman, 1st president) | ||||
| 1934 | 1st federally built housing. | ||||
| 1935 | Resettlement Administration. Rexford Tugwell. Greenbelt Maryland, Greenhills, Ohio. | ||||
| Greenbelt Towns | 1st Federally built new towns. | ||||
| 1937 | US Housing Act | ||||
| 1939 | Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. Homer Hoyt. | ||||
| Homer Hoyt | Sector Theory of urban structure. | ||||
| 1939 | ACPI becomes AIP American Institute of Planners | ||||
| 1944 | GI Bill. Serviceman's Readjustment Act. Loans to veterans. | ||||
| 1945 | 1st State redevelopment act. Pennsylvania | ||||
| 1947 | Park Forest, IL and Levittown, NY. | ||||
| 1948 | 1st post-WWII Comprehensive Plan. Cincinnati. | ||||
| 1949 | Housing Act. 800,000 new units planned. | ||||
| 1949 | National Trust for Historic Preservation | ||||
| 1949 | 1st Urban redevelopment clearance program | ||||
| 1954 | Berman v. Parker. Aesthetics subject to eminent domain. | ||||
| 1960 | Image of the City. Kevin Lynch. | ||||
| Image of the City | Paths, Nodes, Edges, Landmarks, Districts. Kevin Lynch. | ||||
| 1961 | Hawaii, statewide zoning. | ||||
| 1961 | The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs | ||||
| 1961 | 1st Federal Housing Subsidy Program. 221-d | ||||
| 1961 | First flexible control zoning ordinance. FAR | ||||
| 1964 | Civil Rights Act. Outlaws discrimination | ||||
| 1964 | The Urban General Plan. TJ Kent | ||||
| 1965 | HUD Formed Robert C. Weaver, 1st Secretary | ||||
| 1966 | National Historic Preservation Act. | ||||
| The Federal Bulldozer | Martin Anderson, 1964 | ||||
| 1965 | Water Resources Management Act, Multi-State River basin comissions | ||||
| The Making of Urban America | John Reps, 1965, 1st history of American planning. | ||||
| 1966 | National Historic Preservation Act establishes the National Register of Historic Places. Section 106 protects sites and properties. | ||||
| Section 4(f) | Department of Transportation Act provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuge in road building. | ||||
| 1967 | 50th anniversary of planning profession. | ||||
| Wetmore Amendment | 1967. Includes social planners, not just physical planning. | ||||
| Design Within Nature | Ian McHarg, 1969. | ||||
| National Environmental Policy Act. | 1969. Requires environmental impact statements for federal and state funded projects. | ||||
| American City Planning since 1890 | Mel Scott. 1969. | ||||
| 1970 | 1st Earth Day | ||||
| 1970 | EPA created under Clean Air Act. | ||||
| 1971 | AIP Code of Ethics | ||||
| 1972 | Coastal Zone Management Act | ||||
| 1972. Golden v. Ramapo | performance criteria used to control growth. | ||||
| 1972 | Demo of Pruitt-Igoe. | ||||
| 1973 | Endangered Species Act. | ||||
| 1977 | First AIP membership exams. | ||||
| Penn Central v. City of NY | 1978. Barring of air rights not a taking, as interior of project had value. | ||||
| 1978 | AIP and ASPO merge to form APA. | ||||
| 1980 | Creation of environmental Superfund. | ||||
| ACSP | Associated Collegiate SChools of Planning. 1980. | ||||
| Mount Laurel I (NAACP v. Mount Laurel) | Communities in growing area must take fair share of affordable housing in regional growth. | ||||
| Mount Laurel II (NAACP v. Mount Laurel) | |||||
| 1984 | Seaside Florida. 1st New Urbanist development. | ||||
| First English Evangelical Lutheran v. County of Los Angeles | 1987, temporary takings require compensation. | ||||
| Dolan v. City of Tigard | 1994. Rough proportionality must be shown between adverse impacts and exactions imposed on developer | ||||
| Nollan v. California Coastal Commission | 1987. "essential nexus". land use restrictions must be tied to specific purpose. | ||||
| Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council | 1992. Limits government ability to restrict private property without compensation. | ||||
| 1994 | NAFTA | ||||
| Munn v. Illinois | 1876. Implied public interest on private land. | ||||
| Cochran v. Preston | 1903. Baltimore Building height limitations upheld under police power. | ||||
| Welch v. Swasey | 1909. Boston. Building heights for districts upheld | ||||
| Eubank. v. City of Richmond | 1912. Constitutionality of Setback lines. | ||||
| Hadacheck v. Sebastian | 1915. Implies that land use zoning is constitutional. Brickmaking prohibited in city limits. | ||||
| Cusack v. City of Chicago | 1917. Advertisements prohibited in residential area for health and welfare concerns | ||||
| Windsor v. Whitney | 1920. Upheld duties of planning commission to set street widths and layouts. | ||||
| Romar Realty v. Board of Commissioners | 1921. New Jersey. Minimum Building height restriction rejected as indulgent aesthetic consideration. | ||||
| Lowell v. Stoklosa | 1924. Massachusetts. Upheld Zoning. | ||||
| Zahn v. Public Works of Los Angeles | 1925. California. Upheld Zoning of undeveloped land. | ||||
| Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty | 1926. Upheld reasonable comprehensive zoning as constitutional. | ||||
| Washington Ex.Rel Seattle Trust v. Roberge | 1928. Discrimination against group homes repugnant to Due Process. | ||||
| NY Housing Authority v. Muller | 1936. Slum clearance acceptable benefit of public domain. | ||||
| Touhy v. City of Chicago | 1946. Slum clearance, lease of city property still public use. | ||||
| NEPA | 1969. National Environmental Policy Act. Requires environmental impact statement for federal projects. | ||||
| NEPA - EIS Requirements | 1) probable impact of proposed action. 2) adverse effects which cannot be avoided. 3) Alternatives to proposed action. 4) The relationship between local short term uses and long term productivity. 5) Any irreversible and irretrievable commitments | ||||
| Clean Water Act. NPDES | National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Permit system for water pollution discharge. | ||||
| Clean Air Act. ACQR. | Air Quality Control Region | ||||
| Point Source Pollutant | Come out of a pipe. | ||||
| Non-Point Pollutant | Runoff and Drainage Pollution. | ||||
| Ladder of Citizen Participation | Sherry Arnstein. a. Non participation (no control). 1. Manipulation 2. Therapy b. Degrees of tokenism. 1. Informing 2. Consultation 3. Placation c. Degrees of citizen power. 1. Partnership 2. Delegated power 3. Citizen control | ||||
| Acre | 43,560 SF | ||||
| Ad Valorem Tax | Tax on Property calculated based upon a percent of the value of the property | ||||
| Affordable Housing | Housing developed through zoning incentives, cost effective construction and government subsidy. | ||||
| Amortization | process by which non-conforming uses and structures must be discontinued or made to conform to ordinance at the end of a specified period of time. | ||||
| Variance | A limited waiver from the requirements of a zoning ordinance. | ||||
| As-of-right | use of land permitted a principal use in a zoning district. | ||||
| Capital Improvement Plan | (CIP) Strategy for acquisition, planning, design or construction of land, buildings, infrastructure, equipment. Etc. | ||||
| Tax Increment Financing | Leverages future tax gains to fund current improvements. | ||||
| Census Tract | typically 2,500 to 8,000 people, do not cross county lines | ||||
| CES | Current Employment Statistics. BLS collects data on employment, hours and earnings from non-farm establishments | ||||
| BLS | Bureau of Labor Statisics | ||||
| CNEL | Community Noise Equivalent Level. | ||||
| Progressive Tax | Tax rate increases as income increases | ||||
| Proportional Tax | All pay same rate per dollar | ||||
| Regressive Tax | Persons of lower income pay higher percentage of income in tax, i.e. Sales Tax, Social Security tax | ||||
| Property Tax | Assessing, Setting Tax Rate, Collection. Tends to be regressive | ||||
| Serrano v. Priest | 1971. Property Tax and School Finance can lead to discriminatory, unequal treatment under law. | ||||
| Step Down Method | Population Summary method. Multiply state, metro area estimates provided by Census bureau or others times percentage of study area population in previous census | ||||
| MSA | Metropolitan Statistical Area. MSAs are defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget only, and used by the U.S. Census Bureau and other U.S. government agencies for statistical purposes only | ||||
| Exaction | condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires part of the land to be dedicated to public use. | ||||
| PPBS | Planning, Programming Budgetary System. Spending viewed by programs not objects, clarifying purpose of expenditures and priorities. | ||||
| Classifications of Revenue | Tax, User Charge, Administrative Fee, License, Debt Service, Grant-In-Aid | ||||
| Grant-in-aid | Government grant for specific person, with strings attached (drinking age/highway funds) | ||||
| ISTEA | 1991. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act | ||||
| Neighborhood Unit Principle | Clarence Perry. 1923. Walkable neighborhood superblocks. "Plan for the Mechanic Age" | ||||
| Stein and Wright | Radburn. US version of Garden City. Cul-de-Sac early use. | ||||
| Standard Deviation | Square Root of the Variance | ||||
| Variance | Average of Sum of Squared distances from mean. | ||||
| PERT | Program Evaluation and Review Technique. Scheduling technique that depicts interrelationships of tasks in project. Allows focus on key elements and problems | ||||
| Shift Share | Shift in Share of particular industry | ||||
| Location Quotient | Ratio - % of local employment within a sector divided by % of overall employment in a sector. | ||||
| Spearman's Rho | non-parametric measure of statistical dependence between two variables. a perfect Spearman correlation of +1 or −1 occurs when each of the variables is a perfect monotone function of the other | ||||
| NAICS | North American Industry Classification System. Replaced SIC. Classifies business activities. Pronounced "nakes" | ||||
| EUAC or EUAB | equivalent uniform annual cost or equivalent uniform annual benefits. Lifecycle cost method. | ||||
| Reserve Fund Financing | Funds accumulated in advance for capital contruction or purchase. Earmarked operational revenues, or sale of capital assets. | ||||
| General Obligation Bond | Taxing power of jurisdiction pledged to pay interest upon and retire debt. Voter Approved often | ||||
| Revenue Bonds | sold for projects that produce revenue, financed through service charges and fees. Higher rate of return. No voter approval needed. | ||||
| Opportunity Cost | Lost upside of alternate choice not selected. | ||||
| MBO | Management By Objective. Peter Drucker 1954. Participative Goal setting, measurement of employee performance with standards set. | ||||
| ZBB | Zero Based Budget. Breaks budget into decision packages. which are ranked for affordability, all budget requests are built from 0. | ||||
| Vertical and Horizontal Equity | V - unequal tax treatment for unequal economic conditions. H - equal tax treatment across similar economic condition. | ||||
| Mill Rate | dividing the mills by 10 (moving the decimal point to the left by one) yields the percentage rate – 20 mills = 2.0%. | ||||
| Regional Tax Base Sharing | Sharing of tax revenue across multiple jurisdictions. | ||||
| Property Tax Abatement | Reduction of property tax for a stipulated time period to encourage growth in an area. | ||||
| Line Item Budget | Defines budget on what will be bought, without reference to performance or priorities. | ||||
| Performance Budgeting | Budget includes performance goals and objectives, qualitative achievement. | ||||
| Goals Achievement Matrix | GAM. A Comprehensive Approach, shows anticipated attainment of project goals and distribution among groups. | ||||
| CEA | Cost EFFECTIVENESS Analysis. Analyzes program options with equal benefits for lowest cost solution. | ||||
| CBA | Cost BENEFIT Analysis. Compares community gains against costs to achieve it. | ||||
| CRA | Cost REVENUE Analysis. Measures amount of payment in from a sector against cost of services provided to that sector. | ||||
| Paul Davidoff | Suburban Action Institute. 1969. Mt. Laurel. Advocacy Planning | ||||
| Patrick Geddes | Cities in Evolution. Father of Regional Planning. | ||||
| Robert Moses | Great Expediter. 1888-1981 | ||||
| Lewis Mumford | The Culture of Cities 1938. INspired city and regional planning. New York based. | ||||
| Fred Law Olmsted Sr. | Riverside Illinois, Central Park 1857, Columbian Exposition 1893 site planner. | ||||
| Fred Law Olmsted Jr. | ACPI President. Forest Hills Gardens and Palos Verdes Estates. Shaped Standard City Enabling Act. | ||||
| Cincinnati Plan | Ford-Goodrich Plan. First comprehensive plan. | ||||
| Country Club Plaza | 1922. KC First Suburban Shopping Center | ||||
| Cincinnati Plan | Ford-Goodrich Plan. First comprehensive plan. | ||||
| Country Club Plaza | 1922. KC First Suburban Shopping Center | ||||
| Forest Hills Gardens | 1911. First Garden Suburb FLO Jr. | ||||
| Greenbelt Towns | 1930. Rural Resettlement Administration (RRA). Greenbelt, Greenhills, Greendale, Greenbrook. Built and operated by Fed. | ||||
| NYC Zoning Code | 1916. George Burdett Ford. Comprehensive Zoning Plan | ||||
| Oregon Statewide Plan | 1973. Statewide Growth Management. | ||||
| Petaluma Environmental Design Plan | 1971. Mocine & Williams. Phased residential growth limited to 500 units a year. Upheld in Supreme Court. | ||||
| Radburn | 1928. Stein & Wright. Influential Residential Plan. Superblocks, Cul-De-Sacs | ||||
| Vieux Carre Plan | 1721. Adrien de Pauger. 1925 first historic preservation ordinance. | ||||
| Savannah, GA | 1733. James Oglethorpe. | ||||
| Synoptic Rationality | Rational Comprehensive Approach. 1 Goal Setting 2. Identify Alternatives. 3. Evaluate Means against ends. 4. Implement preferred alternative. | ||||
| Charles Lindblom | Incremental Planning "The Science of Muddling Through" |
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