Ch. 2 Isomers
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| structural isomers | same molecular formula and molecular weight. different physical and chemical properties
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| Stereoisomers | same chemical formula and same atomic connectivity. Only differ by how atoms are arranged in space. includes geometric, isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, meso compounds
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| Geometric compounds | compounds differ in the position of substituents attached to a double bond or cycloalkane. If only one substituent on either side of double bond use cis and trans, Z and E for more substituted compounds
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| chiral | an object that is not superimposable upon its mirror image. Carbon that has 4 different substituents and lack plane of symmetry
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| enantiomers | nonsuperimposable mirror images of chiral objects. opposite configuration at all chiral centers. have same physical and chemical properties, except optical activity and how they react in chiral environment
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| rotates plane of polarized light right (clockwise) | dextrorotary (+)
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| rotates plane of polarized light left (counter clockwise) | levorotary (-)
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| specific rotation | specific rotation([a])=(observed rotation (a))/(concentration g/ml x length dm)
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| diastereomers | non-mirror image configurational isomers. cis and tran alkenes are diastereomers. required to have multiple chiral centers, 2^n possible stereoisomers
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| meso compound | a molecule with an internal plane of symmetry.
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| conformational isomers | same molecules, only at different positions in their rotation
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