Biology Terms - MCAT
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| Centromere | central region of a chromosome (or chromatid)
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| Centrioles | cylindrical organelles within the centrosome
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| Centrosome | area which serves as a base for spindle formation
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| Chromatin | uncoiled DNA which appears granular
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| Asters | structure of spindle fibers radiating from centrosome
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| Kinetochores | connection point of spindle fiber to centromere on chromosome
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| Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes
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| Budding | replication of nucleus with unequal cytokenesis; in yeast and hydra
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| Regeneration | regrowth of a lost or injured body part; replacement by mitosis
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| Parthenogenesis | development of unfertilized egg into an adult organism
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| Gametocytes | specialized cells that undergo meiosis
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| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that code for the same traits; 1 maternal and 1 paternal
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| Synapsis | process of chromosome pair overlapping
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| Tetrad | synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes; four chromatids
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| Crossing over | homologous chromosomes exchange equivalent pieces of DNA
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| Chiasmata | points where crossing over occurs
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| Genetic recombination | result of crossing over; exchange of genetic data
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| Disjunction | separation of homologous chromosomes by chance to daughter cells
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| Alleles | a pool of unique genes coding for alternative forms of a given trait
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| Cleavage | embryonic development through a series of rapid mitotic divisions
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| Determinate cleavage | results in a cell whose future pathways are determined early
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| Indeterminate cleavage | results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism
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| Morula | earliest solid ball of embryonic cells in the uterus
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| Blastula | hollow sphere of cells
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| Blastulation | process of the morula developing a fluid-filled cavity called, a blastocoel
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| Blastocoel | fluid-filled cavity in the developing morula
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| Blastocyst | the mammalian blastula
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| Trophoblast | cell layer that surrounds the blastocoel and and gives rise to the chorion
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| Endometrium | mucosal lining of the uterus; prepared by progesterone; location of implantation
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| Gastrula | three-layered structure: ectoderm, endoderm, and archenteron
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| Archenteron | newly formed cavity of the two-layered gastrula; develops into the gut
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| Blastopore | opening of the archenteron
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| Deuterostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the anus
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| Protostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the mouth
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| Induction | the differentiation of a group of cells by another group (the organizers)
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| Inducers | chemical substances passed by organizers during induction
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| Notochord | rod of mesodermal cells; induces the formation of the neural groove/tube
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| Fetus | the growing embryo (beyond 8 weeks gestation)
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| Placenta |
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| Umbilical chord | connection between fetus and placenta; develops from the allantois and yolk sac
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| Amnion | thin, tough membrane containing amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber
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| Chorion | a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion and extends chorionic villi
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| Fetal Hemoglobin | Hb-F; greater affiliation for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin
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| Umbilical vein | carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
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| Ductus venosus | a shunt that diverts the fetal blood to bypass the liver
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| Foramen ovale | a shunt that delivers blood from the RA to the LA bypassing the pulmonary circuit
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| Ductus arteriosus | a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta
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| Centromere | central region of a chromosome (or chromatid)
🗑
|
||||
| Centrioles | cylindrical organelles within the centrosome
🗑
|
||||
| Centrosome | area which serves as a base for spindle formation
🗑
|
||||
| Chromatin | uncoiled DNA which appears granular
🗑
|
||||
| Asters | structure of spindle fibers radiating from centrosome
🗑
|
||||
| Kinetochores | connection point of spindle fiber to centromere on chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes
🗑
|
||||
| Budding | replication of nucleus with unequal cytokenesis; in yeast and hydra
🗑
|
||||
| Regeneration | regrowth of a lost or injured body part; replacement by mitosis
🗑
|
||||
| Parthenogenesis | development of unfertilized egg into an adult organism
🗑
|
||||
| Gametocytes | specialized cells that undergo meiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that code for the same traits; 1 maternal and 1 paternal
🗑
|
||||
| Synapsis | process of chromosome pair overlapping
🗑
|
||||
| Tetrad | synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes; four chromatids
🗑
|
||||
| Crossing over | homologous chromosomes exchange equivalent pieces of DNA
🗑
|
||||
| Chiasmata | points where crossing over occurs
🗑
|
||||
| Genetic recombination | result of crossing over; exchange of genetic data
🗑
|
||||
| Disjunction | separation of homologous chromosomes by chance to daughter cells
🗑
|
||||
| Alleles | a pool of unique genes coding for alternative forms of a given trait
🗑
|
||||
| Cleavage | embryonic development through a series of rapid mitotic divisions
🗑
|
||||
| Determinate cleavage | results in a cell whose future pathways are determined early
🗑
|
||||
| Indeterminate cleavage | results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism
🗑
|
||||
| Morula | earliest solid ball of embryonic cells in the uterus
🗑
|
||||
| Blastula | hollow sphere of cells
🗑
|
||||
| Blastulation | process of the morula developing a fluid-filled cavity called, a blastocoel
🗑
|
||||
| Blastocoel | fluid-filled cavity in the developing morula
🗑
|
||||
| Blastocyst | the mammalian blastula
🗑
|
||||
| Trophoblast | cell layer that surrounds the blastocoel and and gives rise to the chorion
🗑
|
||||
| Endometrium | mucosal lining of the uterus; prepared by progesterone; location of implantation
🗑
|
||||
| Gastrula | three-layered structure: ectoderm, endoderm, and archenteron
🗑
|
||||
| Archenteron | newly formed cavity of the two-layered gastrula; develops into the gut
🗑
|
||||
| Blastopore | opening of the archenteron
🗑
|
||||
| Deuterostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the anus
🗑
|
||||
| Protostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the mouth
🗑
|
||||
| Induction | the differentiation of a group of cells by another group (the organizers)
🗑
|
||||
| Inducers | chemical substances passed by organizers during induction
🗑
|
||||
| Notochord | rod of mesodermal cells; induces the formation of the neural groove/tube
🗑
|
||||
| Fetus | the growing embryo (beyond 8 weeks gestation)
🗑
|
||||
| Placenta |
🗑
|
||||
| Umbilical chord | connection between fetus and placenta; develops from the allantois and yolk sac
🗑
|
||||
| Amnion | thin, tough membrane containing amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber
🗑
|
||||
| Chorion | a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion and extends chorionic villi
🗑
|
||||
| Fetal Hemoglobin | Hb-F; greater affiliation for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin
🗑
|
||||
| Umbilical vein | carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
🗑
|
||||
| Ductus venosus | a shunt that diverts the fetal blood to bypass the liver
🗑
|
||||
| Foramen ovale | a shunt that delivers blood from the RA to the LA bypassing the pulmonary circuit
🗑
|
||||
| Ductus arteriosus | a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta
🗑
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