USCSOM: Amino Acid Metabolism and Urea Cycle
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| Dietary proteins are the primary source of ______ metabolized by the body. | nitrogen
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| What catalyzes the activation of pepsin? | H+
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| What catalyzes the activation of trypin? | enteropeptidase
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| What catalyzes the activation of chymotrypsin? | trypsin
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| What catalyzes the activation of elastase? | trypsin
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| What catalyzes the activation of carboxypeptidases? | trypsin
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| What is the general name for digestive proteases that hydrolyze peptide bonds within the chains? | endopeptidases
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| What are some examples of endopeptidases? | pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase
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| What are the two exopeptidases? | aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases
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| What amino acids do pepsin cleave? | aromatic and acidic AAs
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| What AA do trypsin cleave? | Basic: Arg, Lys
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| What AA do chymotrypsin cleave? | Hydrophobic: Phe, Tyr, Trp, Leu
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| What AA do elastase cleave? | Small AAs: Ala, Gly, Ser
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| Describe trans-cellular transport mediated by secondary active transport | Na-dependent AA transporters; Na-K ATPase pump; AA facilitated diffusion
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| In a fasting state, AA are converted mainly into what 2 AAs? | Ala, Gln
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| What AA plays a central role in both AA synthesis and catabolism? | Glu (Glutamate)
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| During AA synthesis, Glu donates/takes Amino N via transamination? | donates
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| During AA catabolism, Glu donates/takes Amino N via transamination? | takes
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| What to transamination enzymes play a role in Glutamate-AA synthesis and catabolism? | GDH - glutamate dehydrogenase
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| PLP is derived from what nutrient? | vitamin B6
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| The glutamate dehydrogenase reaction uses what cofactor? | NAD or NADP
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| Excess amino acid N is converted to what toxic substance? | ammonia
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| Ammonia is converted to what less toxic substance at physiological pH? | ammonium
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| What organ converts ammonia to urea? | liver
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| What is the major nitrogenous urinary excretory product? | urea
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| What 2 AAs require PLP as a cofactor to form NH4+? | Serine & Threonine
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| What AAs directly contribute their N to the formation of NH4+? | Glutamate, Glutamine, Asparagine, Serine, Threonine, Histidine
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| What AA plays a major transport role for transport of ammonia in a non-toxic form for Urea Synthesis? | alpha-kG to Glu to Gln
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| What 2 AAs do nitrogen come from the form urea? | Glu and Asp
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| What is CPS1? | carbamoyl phophate sythetase 1
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| What are the products in the urea cycle? | ammonium, carbamoyl phosphate, citrulline, argininosuccinate, arginine, ornithine
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| What enzyme from the urea cycle is unique to the liver? | arginase
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| What is NAG? | N-acetyl glutamate
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| What is the role of NAG? | formed from a build-up of ARg
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| What is the effect of fasting on urea excretion? | increases during fasting
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| What is the ratio of Ala:glucose:urea | 2:1:1
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