FSHN 350- Quiz 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| how many amino acids in nature/how many to make proteins | 140/20
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| conditionally essential AA example | PKU patients need tyrosine (can't convert phe)
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| protein digestion in the stomach | gastrin stimulates HCl release; HCl activates pepsin
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| inactive form of an enzyme is called | zymogen
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| protein digestion in small intestine | CCK stimulates release of proteases
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| proteases (3) | trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases (a and b)
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| peptide absorption | di and tri peptides; PEPT1 (H+/peptide cotransporter); converted to AA once inside enterocyte
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| 5 fates of amino acids | non-protein compounds that contain N; body proteins like enzymes; fat from carbon skeletons; glucose production; energy from carbon skeleton
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| amino acid pool | 150g circulating in blood plasma and cytosol of cells
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| glutathione | synthesized from glycine, cysteine, and glutamate; antioxidant; reduced form GSH is ~10x higher than oxidized form GSSG
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| carnitine | synthesized from lysine; used for LGFA transport
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| creatine | replenishes ATP during short/hard bouts of exercise
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| choline | synthesized from serene; converts homocysteine to methionine (linked to CVD)
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| transamination | transfer of an amino acids group form one AA to an alpha meta acid (AA skeleton)
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| transamination of alanine to pyruvate enzyme | alanine amino transferase
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| transamination of aspartate to oxaloacetate enzyme | aspartate amino transferase
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| deamination | removal of amino group to make alpha keto acid and ammonia
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| threonine->alpha keto butyrate enzyme | threonine dehydratase
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| two AA that are only ketogenic | leucine and lysine
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| ketogenic misnomer | not all made into ketones; just acetyl coA for TCA cycle OR ketones
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| branched chain amino acids | isoleucine, leucine, valine; reduce muscle soreness (readily oxidized in skeletal muscle)
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| two ways to determine nitrogen balance | measure excretion in urine/feces; measure protein intake (16% nitrogen)
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| Kwashiorkor | inadequate protein w/ sufficient kcal
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| Marasmus | severe deficiency in overall kcals
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| Sarcopenia | loss of ~1/2% per year of muscle b/w ages 30-50; 1-2% after age 50
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| risks of high protein diets | renal damage if have impaired renal function; dehydration; can still gain weight from carbon
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| Minnesota Starvation Experiment | physical and mental effects of starvation; 1800 kcal per day whilst burning 3000 kcal per day
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| alcohol isn't ___, it's ____ | alcohol isn't digested, it's metabolized
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| where is alcohol absorbed? | some stomach; mostly small intestine
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| where is alcohol metabolized? | liver; the rest circulates throughout the body
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| where is MEOS used? | the brain; may be associated w/ TIQs and addiction
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| factors that affect BAC | size, time, fullness, male/female *less ADH, drinking frequency, East Asians/American Indians *less ALDH
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| orders of parts of the brain alcohol affects | cortex, forebrain, cerebellum, brain stem
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| what causes hangovers? | build-up of acetaldehyde and acetate
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| negative metabolic effects of alcohol | slows down glycolysis, beta oxidation, TCA cycle; increased lactate production
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| three stages of alcoholic fatty liver disease | fatty liver, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis
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| cirrhosis | last stage of alcoholic fatty liver disease; liver cells die and are replaced w/ scar tissue
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| consequences of chronic alcohol abuse | gastritis/pancreatitis/GERD; malnutrition, cancer (more common in men)
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| pathophysiology of alcohol dependence | not well understood; affects neurotransmitters; may be connected to gene variants of ADH and ALDH
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| Disulfiram | (antabuse) prevents elimination of acetaldehyde to cause hangovers
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| Naltrexone | blocks opoid receptors (thus no endorphins from them)
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| Acomprosate/Campral | blocks glutamate actions (which is hyperactive in post-withdrawl phase)
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| French Paradox | higher butter, smoking, alcohol in France but less CVD
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| J-shaped curve | abstainer and heavy drinkers have higher death rates than moderate drinkers
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| polyphenols | aromatic rings w/ hydroxyl groups; found in alcholo
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| four classes of polyphenols | phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans
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| polyphenols and wine | 10x more in red than white wine
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| polyphenol health benefits | antioxidant, lower LDL, anti-inflammatory, increase HDL, vasodilation, inhibit tumor growth
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| resveratrol | extends lifespan in yeast; exercise performance, cancer reduction, antidiabetic, reduced atherosclerosis, reduced alzheimer's in animal models
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| Sirtris | paid $720 million for enzyme that mediates effects of resveratrol
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