Study Questions
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What are the 4 basic properties of life | reception,metabolism, reproduction, and organization
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| What is reception | the ability of the organism to control its actions and respond to changes in the environment
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| What is metabolism | the process of taking in and using nutrients to produce energy and growth
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| What is reproduction | the ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species
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| what is organization | divides the organism into distinct parts to perform these functions
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| The two major types of study of the human body | Anatomy and physiology
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| Anatomy | the study of body structures
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| Physiology | the study of body functions
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| Cells | smallest unit of life
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| Tissues | combination of similar cells
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| Organs | collection of tissues working together to perform a function
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| Body systems | organs that work together to provide a major body function
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| Organism | the beings that result when the body systems work to maintain life
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| What are the major structures of a cell called | organelles
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| List the cell structures | cell membrane,plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus,nucleolus,ribosomes,endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus,mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, microvilli, cilia, flagella (sperm), chromatin and chromosomes
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| 3 main parts of a cell | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
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| Function of: Plasma Membrane | Outside Boundary of the cell
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| Cytoplasm | Living internal material of cells
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| Nucleus | Brain of the cell;Dictates protein synthesis
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| Ribosomes | Protein factories-make enzymes and protein
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough-move proteins from ribosomes to Golgi apparatus
Smooth-make fats,carbs,and proteins
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| Golgi Apparatus | chemical processing and packing center of proteins
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| Mitochondria | Production of energy for cells
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| Lysosomes | Contain enzymes that can digest food compounds
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| Centrioles | Cell division and reproduction
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| Microvilli | increase the ability to absorb substances
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| Cilia | moves substances along surface of the cell
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| Flagella | "tail" that propel sperm through fluids
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| Nucleolus | form ribosomes
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| Chromatin and Chromosomes | DNA (Total of 46)
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| Homeostasis | maintain a state of balance
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| Electrolytes | substance that ionizes when dissolved in water
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| Cation | positive charge (acid)
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| Anion | negative charge (base)
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| pH | measures how acidic or basic a substance is from 0-14
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| pH of 0 | acidic (gastric juice)
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| pH of 14 | basic (ammonia)
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| pH of 7 | neutral (urine)
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| Cation(+) electrolytes of the body | Sodium(Na+),Potassium(K+),Calcium(Ca+),Magnesium(+), and Hydrogen(H+)
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| Anions(-) electrolytes of the body | Bicarbonate(HCO3-),Phosphate(HPO4-),Chloride(C-),Sulfate(SO4-)
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| 4 tissue types | Muscle,Epithelial,Nervous,Connective
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| Muscle Tissue | Made of protein fibers,produce movement
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| Epithelial Tissue | Covers the body,forms glands,and lines the surfaces of cavaties and organs
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| Nervous Tissue | Specialized cells called neurons,transmits communications
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| Connective Tissue | soft tissue(fat,blood cells)hard tissue(bones,ligaments, and cartilage)
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| Body systems | Integumentary,Cardiovascular,Circulatory,Respiratory,Muscular,Skeletal,Digestive,Urinary,Endocrine,Nervous,Sensory,and Reproductive
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| What is a Body System | a group of related organs that work together to accomplish functions necessary to maintain and support life
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| Cardiovascular | Transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products
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| Circulatory | Blood and lymph that move throughout the body
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| Respiratory | Exchange gases between the air and blood
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| Muscular | Allows the body to move and controls movements within the body
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| Skeletal | Provides body support and protection
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| Digestive | Processes food and eliminate food waste
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| Urinary | Filters the blood and removes liquid waste
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| Endocrine | coordinates body activities through hormones
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| Nervous | regulates the environment and sends messages to and from brain
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| Reproductive | provides for human reproduction
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| Lymph | fluid that circulate throughout the lymphatic system
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| Integumentary | Covers the body and protects
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| Oxygen debt | the debt of oxygen that is needed to convert the buildup of lactic acid back to glucose
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| Aerobic breakdown | require oxygen
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| Anaerobic breakdown | without oxygen
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| how is potassium ingested | food
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| how is potassium excreted | urine
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| what hormone influence potassium excretion | aldesterone
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| what hormone influence potassium movement into cells | insulin
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| foods high in potassium | bananas,citrus fruits, tomatoes, and lentils
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| potassium supplement | chloride tablet
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| what is potassium levels influenced by | acid-base balance
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| acidosis | potassium ions are outside the cells in extracellular fluid
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| alkalosis | potassium is moved into the cells
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| effect of abnormal high and low potassium levels | cardiac arrest
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| hypokalemia | serum level of potassium is below 3.5 mEq per liter
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| causes of hypokalemia | diarrhea,diuretics, excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids,decreased dietary intake, and insulin
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| effects(signs)of hypokalemia | cardiac dysrhythmias,muscles become less responsive,paresthesias,decreased digestive tract motility, respiratory muscles become weak,and renal function is impaired
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| hyperkalemia | serum level of potassium is above 5 mEq per liter
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| causes of hyperkalemia | renal failure, deficit of aldosterone,use of diuretic drugs,leakage cell potassium into extracellular fluids, and severe acidosis
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| effects(signs)of hyperkalemia | dysrhythmias,muscle weakness, fatigue,nausea, and paresthesias
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| Symbol for Potassium | (K+)
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| How does the 4 kinds of tissue differ from each other | size,shape,amount, kind, and function
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| Epithelial Tissue | packed close together with little or no inter cellular material between them and no blood vessels
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| what are the epithelial tissues | simple squamous, stratisfied squamous, simple columnar, stratisfied transitional, pseudostratisfied, and simple cuboidal
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| simple squamous | single layer of flattened cells
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| stratified squamous | many layers of flattened cells (skin)
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| simple columnar | single layer of tall, narrow cells (stomach)
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| stratified transitional | many layers of varying shapes, capable of stretching (bladder)
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| pseudostratisfied | single layer of tall cells that wedge together to appear as if there are two or more layers (trachea)
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| simple cuboidal | single layer of cells that are cube shaped
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| What does simple layer mean | single
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| what does stratified mean | many
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| Connective tissue | Holds organs together and give them shapes
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| what are the connective tissues | areolar,adipose,fibrous,bone,cartilage,blood,and hematopoietic
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| Areolar | loose arrangement of fibers and cells (connection)
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| Adipose | large fat compartments (protection and insulation)
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| Dense fibrous | dense arrangement of collagen fiber bundles(flexible but strong)
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| bone | hard, calcified osteons (support;protection)
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| blood | liquid matrix with flowing red and white cells (transportation)
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| hematopoietic | liquid matrix with dense arrangment of blood cell producing cells (blood cell formation)
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| cartilage | hard but flexible matrix with embedded chondrocytes (ear)
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| Muscle tissue | muscles that attach to the bones
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| muscle tissues | skeletal,cardiac, and smooth
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| skeletal | voluntary willed or control of skeletal muscle contractions
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| Cardiac | forms the walls of the heart,produce the heartbeat
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| Smooth | spindles, involuntary muscle control
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| Nervous tissue | nerve cells that function as communication between body structures and control body functions
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| nerve tissues | neurons and glia
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| neurons | conductors which is the functional unit
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| glia | the supporting cells
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| parts of a nerve cell | cell body,axon, and dendrite
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| axon | carries nerve impulses
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| dendrite | carry nerve impulses to body
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| Regeneration | tissue repair
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| phagocytic cells | remove dead or injured cells
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| size of a cell | microscopic and vary
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| shapes of a cell | flat,brick,threadlike,irregular
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| 3 main parts of a cell | plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus
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| differentiated | cells with different expression of genes
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| undifferentiated | cells that have not undergone specialization (embryonic)
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| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid,identical genetic material for all human cells
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| mitosis | cell cycle, cell duplicates into two genetically alike daughter cells
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| mitosis cell cycle | prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
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| prophase | chromatin becomes chromosomes
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| metaphase | chromosomes line up
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| anaphase | chromosomes break and chromatids move to opposite sides (right-left)
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| telophase | the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes
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| 5 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland | TSH,ACTH,FSH,LH,GH
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| another name for anterior pituitary gland | master gland
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| hormones function | stimulate endocrine gland to grow and secrete hormones
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| Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) | Thyroid gland
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| Adrenocarticotropic hormone (ACTH) | adrenal cortex
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| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)& Leutinizing hormone (LH) | ovaries and testes
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| Growth hormone (GH) | Bones
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| location of pituitary gland | skull;at the base of the brain connected by a stalk,blood vessels transport info from hypothalmus to master gland
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| 2 parts of the pituitary gland | anterior and posterior
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| 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary gland | Oxytocin,ADH
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| Oxytocin | contraction of a pregnant uterus
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | reabsorption of water from renal tubles
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| proteins,glycoproteins,polypeptides,amino-acid,lipids | Hormones
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| Tropic hormones | increase other hormones growth and secretions
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| Sex hormones | influence reproductive changers
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| Anabolic hormones | stimulate tissue building
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| Pituitary gland | somatropin hormone-promotes tissue growth
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| Pineal gland | melatonin-sleep and wake cycle
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| thyroid gland | thyroxine-metabolic rate
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| parathyroid gland | parathyroid-calcium and phosphate in the blood/bones
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| Thymus gland | thymosin-stimulates development of T cells
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| Adrenal gland | epinephrine-autonomic nervous system response
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| Pancreatic islet gland | insulin-regulates blood sugar
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| Ovaries | Estrogen-regulates female sexual characteristics
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| Testes | Testosterone-regulates male sexual characteristics
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| Bronchi,bronchioles, and alveoli | respiratory system
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| called the "upside-down tree" of the respiratory system | airtubes
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| "trunk of the tree" | trachea
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| bronchioles | small passageways
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| surfactant | reduce surface tension in the alveoli
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| respiratory distress | inability to inflate the alveoli of the lungs
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| respiratory distress syndrome | a condition caused by absence or impairment of surfactant in the alveoli
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| photo dynamic therapy | used for lung cancer that begin in the lining of the bronchial tubes
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| red light laser | a beam used to destroy cancerous cells
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| infant respiratory distress syndrome | lack of surfactant in the alveolar air sacs
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| adult respiratory distress syndrome | impairment or removal of surfactant in the alveoli
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| upper respiratory tract | provide entry for inhaled air, and exhaling
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| upper respiratory tract structures | nose,para-nasal sinuses,pharynx,and larynx
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| mucosa | serves as a trap for bacteria and foreign particles
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| middle respiratory tract | long tube located in the mid-line of the thorax
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| middle respiratory tract structure | trachea
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| lower respiratory tract | lungs-respiration, transfer of oxygen, release carbon dioxide
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| lower respiratory tract structures | left and right bronchi,bronchioles,lungs
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| what is the function of the respiratory system | brings oxygen into the body through breathing process
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| Inspiration | inhaling air, oxygen is brought into the lungs
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| Expiration | exhaling air, carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs
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| 3 things the respiratory system does | exchanges gases between blood and the lungs, regulate body temp, maintain electrolyte balance
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| sinuses | hallow spaces in the bones of the skull
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| nasal air passage | nose-mouth-throat(pharnyx)-windpipe(trachea)
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| tracheotomy | opening made in trachea as an alternative for exchange of gases
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| pleura membrane | surrounds the lungs
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| diaphragm | large flat muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity
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| dyspnea | shortness of breath
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| causes of dyspnea | large/small airway,intra-alveolar obstruction,alveolar septal lesions, destruction, increase in thickness,collapse,and central nervous cause (suffocation/drowning)
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| adult respiratory distress syndrome causes | shock,pneumonia,toxic lung injury, and aspiration of fluids
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| clinical features of ARDS | 24HRS severve distress,hypoxemia,hypercapnia,airless lungs
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| atelectasis | collapse of part or all of a lung
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| deafness | hearing loss
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| causes of deafness | blockage,damage,abnormalities
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| conductive hearing loss | external or middle ear damage/abnormalities
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| sensory hearing loss | workplace noise, ototoxic drugs, unknown (elderly)
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| neural hearing loss | lesions of cranial nerve or CNS
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| Parts of the ear | external,middle,inner
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| external ear | cartilage (pinna)
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| middle ear | ear drum (tympanic membrane) and 3 bones malleus,incus, stapes
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| sound travel passage | outer ear, ear canal,tympanic membrane, ossicles(3 bones)-conchlea-brain
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| sensory system | eyes,ears,nose,tongue,skin
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| eyes | vision(see)
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| ears | audio(hear)
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| nose | smell
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| tongue | taste
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| skin | touch
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| orbital cavity | socket of the skull in which the eye is situated/protects
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| tissue that cushions the eye | adipose
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| protects the eye from injury | blinking
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| lubricates the eye | conjuctiva mucous membrane
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| forms tears | lacrimal apparatus
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| control eye movement | extrincic muscles act on the OCULOMOTOR nerve
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| how much of the eye is exposed to the environment | 1/5
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| white tissue of the eye | sclera
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| focuses images | cornea
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| supply eyes blood flow | iris, chorid, ciliary muscles
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| what are the sections of the eyeball | anterior(filled with watery fluid) and posterior (gelatin like substance)
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| opening of the eye | pupil
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| iris | adjust thr light entering eye
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| lens | focuses light on the retina
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| the ear | organ that detect sound
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| tympanic membrane | ear drum
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| cerumen | ear wax that protects middle ear from foreign particles
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| malleus | transmmits sound vibrations from ear drum to incus
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| sends vibrations to the stapes | incus
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| stapes | transmit sound vibrations from incus to the oval window
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| eustachian tube | the opening between middle ear and the pharnyx
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| function of the eustachian tube | pressure equalizer and fluid/mucus drainage
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| hearing | interpretation of sound waves
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| taste buds | specialized cells located in papillae of the tongue
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| what type of cells are taste buds | chemoreceptors
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| what taste does the tongue perceive | sweet,sour,bitter,and salty
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| salivary gland | helps dissolve food
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| hypoglossal nerve | provides movement to the muscle of the tongue
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| olfactory system | sense of smell
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| how many special cells are located in the skin | 5! meissner-touch,pacinian-pressure,krause's end bulb-cold,ruffini nerves-warmth,free nerve-pain
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| consist of the brain and spinal cord | CNS
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| consist of nerves | PNS
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| master organ of the body | brain
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| hypothalamus | controls body temp,fatigue,hunger,thirst
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| pineal gland | produces serotonin
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| pituitary gland | produces hormones (anterior/posterior)
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| cerebellum | directs motor,control,balance,and equilibrium
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| cerebrum | assist with motor control and cognitive functions
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| medulla oblongata | connects the spinal cord to the brain
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| olfactory nerve | sensory component for sense of smell
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| optic nerve | registers visual information
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| vagus nerve | slows down heart rate
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| para sympathetic system | system that helps the body relax
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| sympathetic system | system that helps the body react quickly
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| adrenal gland | produce various hormones that trigger chemical activity
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| facial nerve | controls the muscles of facial expression
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| nervous system function | sense,interpret,respond to internal and external environment changes to maintain homeostasis
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| meninges | surround the tissue of the brain
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| c1-c8 | cervical nerves
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| t1-t12 | thoracic nerves
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| l1-l5 | lumbar nerves
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| s1-s5 | sacral nerve
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| afferent neurons | carry messages from the body to the brain
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| efferent neurons | carry messages from the brain to the body
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| connecting nerves | carry messages from afferent nerves to efferent nerves
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| neuron | nerve bundle of fibers that carry impulses
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| parts of a neuron | dendrites,cell body,and axon
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| neuroglia | cells that act as "glue" to support,bind,repair and protect neurons
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| astrocyte cells | help transfer substances from the blood to the brain
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| microglia | destroy/engulf bacteria and fight infection
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| synapse | spaces between neurons
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| ganglia | transmit impulses
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| thalmus | produce sensations,emotions
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| integumentary | dermis(skin)
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| flexion | the position that a limb assumes when it is bent
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| extension | extends or can extend
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| abductor | muscles that move limbs away from the mid line of the body
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| adductor | muscle that moves limb towards the mid line of the body
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| rotator | muscle that turns limb
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| trapezius | chest muscle
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| deltoid | shoulder muscle
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| triceps | arm muscle
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| biceps | thigh muscle
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| qudriceps | lower leg muscle
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| frontal muscle | raises eyebrow
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| orbicularis oculi | closes eye
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| orbicularis oris | draws lips together
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| zygomaticus | elevates corner of mouth and lips
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| masseter | closes jaw
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| temperal | assist in chewing
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| sternocleidomastoid | rotates and flexes the head and neck
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| trapezius | extends head and neck
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| how many chromosomes does cell contain | 46
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| gamates | sex cell that produce male spermatozoa/female ova
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| how many chromosomes are left after meiosis | 23-male 23-female
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| muscle groups | head and neck,upper extremities,trunk,lower extremities,adductor,hamstring,quadriceps,peroneus
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| genetic variation | each offspring from a single set of parents is very likely to be genetically unique
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| crossing-over | genes from a particular location cross over to the same location on the matching gene
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| autosome | chromosomes who appear in pairs whose (members) have the same form but differ from other pairs
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| allosome | pairs differ from autosome chromosomes and determine sex
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| sex chromosome | a chromosome in sex determination
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| genetic variation | caused by random mating and large populations
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| meiosis | cell division necessary for sexual reproduction
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| mitosis | cell duplicates into two genetically alike daughter cells
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| reproduction | biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents"
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| female reproductive cancers | breast cancer,endometrial cancer
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| female reproductive disorders | ectopic pregnancy,endometriosis,menustrual problems,Premenstrual syndrome,fibroids,vaginitis,yeast infection
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| pregnancy disorders | erythioblastosis fetalis(Rh),fetal alcohol syndrome
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| female sexual transmitted diseases | chancroid,chlamydia,leukorrhea,pubic lice,genital warts,gonorrhea,herpes,human papilloman virus,pelvic inflammatory disease,syphilis,trichomonas,
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| male reproductive cancers | prostate cancer,testes cancer
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| male reproductive disorders | benign prostatic hypertrophy,cryptochidism,klinefelters syndrome,orchitis,
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| male sexual transmitted disease | orchitis,phimosis
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| external covering of the body | skin
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| function of the skin | protects against external injury
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| greek term for skin | derma
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| dermatology | the specialty/study of skin
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| dermatopathology | study of skin diseases
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| layers of the skin | epidermis,dermis,adipose
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|
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| epidermis | outer layer of skin
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| dermis | inner layer consist of blood vessels,nerves,hair follicles
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| adipose | fat tissue
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| proliferating | skin regeneration
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| keratin | gives skin strength and elasticity
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| melanocytes | pigment(melanin)producing cells
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| sebaceous glands | secrete oil for the hair and skin
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|
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| sebum | oil secreted by sebaceous glands
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|
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| skin accessory structures | hair,nails,specialized glands,and nerves
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|
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| largest organ in the body | skin
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|
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| skin glands | sebaceous,sudoriferous, and ceruminous
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|
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| nails | protect fingers and toes from injury
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|
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| carbohydrates | preferred energy food of the body
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|
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| glucose | carb used by the body to supply energy
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|
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| glucose breakdown cycle | glycolysis,citric acid cycle,electron transfer
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|
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| glycolysis | the process of changing glucose into pyruvic acid
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|
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| how is ATP changed to ADP | glucose-mitochondria-ATP-ADP-returns to mitochondria for more energy
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|
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| how many essential amino acids are there | 8
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|
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| metabolism | physical and chemical processes that produce energy
🗑
|
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| Anabolism | building tissues from small compounds materials
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|
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| catabolism | breakdown of tissues into materials that may be reused or excreted
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|
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| nutrition | the study of food thats eaten and how it is used by the body
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|
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| nutrients | chemical materials in food
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|
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| 5 nutrients essential to good health | carbs,vitamins,proteins,fats,minerals,water
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|
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| carbohydrates | found in plants,sugar,starch
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|
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| proteins | animal,eggs,milk
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|
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| fats | meat,oil
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|
||||
| vitamins | organic compounds
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|
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| minerals | simple compounds
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|
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| food groups | pyramid of six food groups to help plan meals,in a daily diet
🗑
|
||||
| calories | amount of energy needed to raise the body's heat
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|
||||
| diet therapy | special diets used to treat specific health conditions
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|
||||
| q-angle | 10-15 degree angle between the quadriceps tendon and the patella tendon
🗑
|
||||
| quadriceps | four headed muscle of the femur
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|
||||
| divides the left and right sides of heart | partion
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|
||||
| hollow organ | the heart
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|
||||
| how many chambers does the heart have | 4
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|
||||
| chambers of the heart | 2 atria/2 ventricles
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|
||||
| which is smaller the atria/ventricle | atria
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|
||||
| recieving chamber | atria
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|
||||
| discharging chamber | ventricle
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|
||||
| heart cardiac muscle | myocardium
🗑
|
||||
| heart smooth tissue | endocardium
🗑
|
||||
| endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium lining
🗑
|
||||
| thrombus | clot/clotting
🗑
|
||||
| heart covering/lining | pericardium
🗑
|
||||
| 2 layers of pericardium | visceral and parietal
🗑
|
||||
| pericardial edema | when visceral and parietal pericardium rub together causing severe chest pain
🗑
|
||||
| pericardial effusion | fluid,pus,or blood accumulate between 2 pericardium layers and impair pumping of the heart
🗑
|
||||
| cardiac tamponade | pressure on the heart from effusion
🗑
|
||||
| pericarditis | swelling and irritation of the pericardium
🗑
|
||||
| coverings of the heart | the heart-myocardium-epicardium-pericardium(visceral/parietal)
🗑
|
||||
| systole | contraction of the heart (heart beat)
🗑
|
||||
| diastole | relaxation of the heart
🗑
|
||||
| right heart blood flow | Body-Superior/Inferior vena cava-Right atrium-Tricuspid valve-Right ventricle-Pulmonaric valve-Pulmonary artery-Lungs to pick up oxygen
🗑
|
||||
| left heart blood flow | Lungs-Pulmonary veins- left atrium -mitral valve- left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta- body
🗑
|
||||
| pericardial sac | holds the heart
🗑
|
||||
| pericardial fluid | keep the surface moist and prevent friction
🗑
|
||||
| atrioventricular valves | regulate the proper inflow and outflow of blood from each chamber during heart contractions
🗑
|
||||
| heart beats per minute | 60-80
🗑
|
||||
| murmur | sound of the heart flow of blood through the chambers
🗑
|
||||
| cardiovascular system | transport nutrients and oxygen to the body
🗑
|
||||
| cardiovascular structures | heart and blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| heart location | thoracic cavity between the lungs,left of the sternum,
🗑
|
||||
| pulmonary circulation | right side heart flow to lungs
🗑
|
||||
| systemic circulation | left side heart flow to rest of body
🗑
|
||||
| hepatic circulation | blood flow from intestines,gallbladder,pancreas,stomach, and spleen
🗑
|
||||
| arteries | carry blood away from the heart
🗑
|
||||
| veins | carry blood back to the heart
🗑
|
||||
| capillaries | microscopic vessels that carry blood between arterial and venous vessels
🗑
|
||||
| aorta | the largest artery in the body
🗑
|
||||
| arterioles | smaller artery branches
🗑
|
||||
| venules | smaller veins
🗑
|
||||
| deoxygenated blood flow | right chambers of the heart and body
🗑
|
||||
| oxygented blood flow | left chambers of the heart and lungs
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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