Intro to Disease
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| Disease is | any deviation or interruption from any normal body function
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| Pathology is | the study of disease
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| Pathogenic (pathogenesis) means | pertaining to the cause of a disease
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| Idiopathic means | pertaining to an unknown disease
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| Etiology means | the study of the cause
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| Lesion means | any abnormal tissue
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| Signs are | evidence of disease that can be seen
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| Examples of signs include these three | pyrexia (fever)
leukocytosis (too many white blood cells)
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and sclera)
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| Symptoms are | evidence of disease that is felt
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| Three examples of symptoms include | lumbodynia (low back pain)
N+V (nausea and vomiting)
puritis (itching)
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| Syndrome means | a combination of signs and symptoms
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| Dx (diagnosis) means | the act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms
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| Px (prognosis) means | the predicated outcome of a disease
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| Sequela means | the aftermath of a disease
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| Acute means | a sudden onset AKA paroxysmal
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| Chronic means | recurring or persistent
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| Insidious means | slow to appear
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| Exacerbation means | to get worse or make worse
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| Remission means | the signs and symptoms of a chronic disease subside
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| Relapse means | a disease returns
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| Complication means | a secondary disease develops with a primary disease
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| Terminal means | a disease that ends in death
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| Mortality means | the number of deaths caused by a disease
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| Palliative means | relieving symptoms but not curing
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| Homeostatis is | a steady state or balance that the body tries to maintain
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| Immunity is the | ability of the body to defend itself against infections agents, foreign cells, and cancer cells
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| Inflammation occurs | whenever there is trauma
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| Trauma is | any wound or injury
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| Examples of trauma include: 1. Abrasion | superficial mechanical damage to the skin
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| Three types of abrasion | scrape
chafe
abrade
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| Excoriation | superficial chemical damage to the skin
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| Contusion | bleeding under the skin
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| Laceration | tissue cut ripped or torn
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| Avulsion | tearing any part of the body away from the whole
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| FX | fracture
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| Infection | infection
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| Allergic reaction | allergic reaction
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| Damage caused by trauma stimulates the release of | histamine from basophils (white blood cells)
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| release of histamine from basophils (white blood cells) starts the | inflammatory response
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| Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response include these five | 1 Erythema (redness)
2 Inflammatory exudate (swelling edema)
3 Pain
4 Warmth
5 Pruitis (itching)
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| The body responds to trauma in this fashion because | the more fluid (hyperemia) that is brought to traumatized area, the faster the healing will occur
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| The faster the tissue heals | the less chance of infection
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| Suppurative, pyogenic, purulent and abcess all refer to | pus
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| Pus is primarily made up of | necrosed (dead) leukocytes (white blood cells) who faught the fight
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| Leukocytes (white blood cells) include monkeys never eat little bananas | monocytes (phagocytic packman eating cells)
neutrophils (phagocytic)
eosinophils (allergies)
lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
basophils (release histamine)
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| An autoimmune disease occurs when | the immune system attacks the body's health tissues
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| Autoimmune diseases are more common in | women (90%)
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| 1.5 million Americans have | lupus
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| Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a | non contagious incurable inflammatory autoimmune disease
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| Two types of lupus include | 1. DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus)
2. SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)
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| DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus) is characterized by a | rash on the face, neck or scalp "butterfly rash"
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| Systemic lupus (SLE) is characterized by: Fatigue | loss of energy
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| Cephalagia | headache
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| Anxiety | anxiety
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| MDD | Major depressive disorder
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| Rash with photosensitivity | light sensitive
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| Arthralgia | joint pain
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| Myalgia | muscle pain
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| Alopecia | hair loss
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| Lymphadenopathy | swollen lymphnoids
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| Splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen
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| Bilateral pleurisy | inflammation of the pleurae lining of the lungs
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| Pericarditis | inflammation of the outer lining of the heart
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| Endocarditis | inflammation of the inner part of the heart
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| CHF | congestive heart failure
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| Atherosclerosis | hardening of the arteries caused by fatty plaque
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| Lupus nephritis | inflammation of kidneys
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| DX | diagnosis
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| Diagnosis of lupus in confirmed with an ANA | Antinuclear antibody blood test
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| TX | treatment
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| Treatment of lupus includes these four | NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs)
SAIDS (steroidal anti inflamaatory drugs)
Analgesics (pain releivers)
Immunosupressants (Benlysta)
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| Analgesics | pain releivers
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| SAIDs | steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
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| NSAIDs | non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
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| Immunosuppressants | Benlysta
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| SLE (systemic lupus) can cause premature death due to | renal (kidney) or cardiac (heart) failure
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| MS | multiple sclerosis
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| GD | Grave's disease
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| Type 1 DM | diabetes mellitus
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| UC | ulcerative colitis
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| CD | Crohn's disease
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| Vitiligo | loss of skin pigmentation
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| RA | rheumatoid arthritis contractures
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| Scleroderma | hardening of skin
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| Foreign protein (bacteria) include these four | 1 virus
2 fungi
3 toxins
4 allergens
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| Any foreign protein that triggers an immune response is called an | antigen
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| A normal response to an antigen is called an | allergy
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| An unusual or exaggerated allergic response to an antigen is called | anaphylaxis (analphylatic shock)
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| Antibodies are | microscopic immune proteins that bind to antigens (tag it)
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| Immunity cased by the body creating antibodies (immune protein) is called | active immunity
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| Antibodies tag the antigens for | destruction by the immune system
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| Antibodies (immune proteins) are | specialized
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| Specialized means that | only a specific antigen (virus bacteria fungus) will be tagged
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| Active immunity can be achieved by (3 names meaning same thing) | immunization aka inoculation or vaccination
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| A vaccine is ... | attenuated (crippled) or inactivated (dead) antigen
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| An attenuated or inactivated antigen DOES NOT cause the disease but will... | Trigger the B lymphocytes (B cells) to produce antibodies (immune proteins)
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| Antibody production is the only mechanism that can ... | defeat a pathogenic (disease creating) virus
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| Multiple exposure to attenuated or inactivated antigen can cause a better and longer lasting immunity which is the reason for.. | booster immunizations
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| Immunity caused by receiving antibodies from another is called... | passive immunity
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| An example of a passive immunity is ... | colostrum breast feeding for the first 2-5 days
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| Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the incidence of ... | DM (diabetes mellitis) ,heart disease, obesity, eczema,lymphomas, and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
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| A natural immunity inherited genetically from your ancestors is called an | innate immunity
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| An antigen's power to overcome the defenses of it's host is called | virulence (virulent)
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| A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another is called | communicable (contagious)
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| To convey (spread) a communicable (contagious) disease from one person to another is called | transmission
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| The most effective way to prevent the transmission of pathogens is | proper hand washing
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| what does attenuated mean (when pertaining to a vaccine) | crippled
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| what does inactivated mean (when pertaining to a vaccine) | dead
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| Bacterial pathogens are | disease creators
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| Strep | streptococci
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| Proliferation (growth in numbers) of streptococci can cause | strep throat
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| Full name for E. Coli | escherichia
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| Full name for GC | gonococci
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| Full name for C. diff | clostridium difficile
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| Pertussis is AKA... | whooping cough
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| Many bacterial infections can be treated by | antibiotic therapy
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| Antibiotic means | pertaining to against life (bacterial)
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| Viral pathogens include... | HAV HBV HCV
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| What is HAV HBV HCV | Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
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| What is influenza | flu
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| What is a complication of the flu | pneumonia
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| what does pneumonia mean | inflammation of a lung
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| Coryza is AKA | the common cold
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| Varicella is AKA | chicken pox
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| sequela means | aftermath
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| what is the sequela of varicella (chicken pox) | shingles
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| Rubeola AKA | measles
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| Parotitis AKA | mumps
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| Rubella AKA | German measles
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| What is a complication of polio | Motor paralysis
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| What does HIV stand for | Human immunodeficiency virus
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| HIV is primarily transmitted these 3 ways | Sexual contact, sharing needles, the entry of contaminated body fluids
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| HIV is not transmitted through ... | Casual contact, 3! Shaking hands, eating , kissing
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| The average time period between HIV and aids is | 2-10 years
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| What does aids stand for | Acquired immune dificiency syndrome
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| The diagnosis of aids is given when what two things occur | Opportunistic infections, and/or a cd4 t lymphocyte count <200
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| Opportunistic infections associated with aids ...name 5 | TB, pneumocystis (Cabrinii) pneumonia (pcp) , ca Candida albicans, cmv cytomegalovirus, ks kaposi's sarcoma
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| Blood tests to detect the HIV antibodies include these 2... | ELISA , western blot
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| Treatment for the HIV and aids include | HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy
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| What do antibiotics have no affect on | Viral infections
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| When is it appropriate to prescribe an antibiotic for a viral infection | If the patient is immunocomprimised , or if the patient is afflicted with a chronic disease
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| Why would an antibiotic be prescribed to someone who is immunocomprimised | To stop a secondary bacterial infection
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| Tinea corporis is | Ring worm
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| Tinea pedis is | Athletes foot
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| Tinea Cruris is | Jock itch
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| Tinea capitis | Scalp
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| Tinea unguium | Nails
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| What do you use to treat dermatophytosis | Anti fungal medications
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| Micro-organisms that are not pathogenic are called | Normal flora
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| Helminths refer to a | Parasitical worm infestation
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| Infestation means | To live in or on as a parasite
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| A parasite is | A organism that benefits at the expense of the host
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| Name 3! Helminths | Roundworms pinworms tapeworms
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| The diagnosis of helminths is confirmed with what type of test | O + P fecal test
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| What does the O+P stand for in an o+p fecal test | Ova and parasite
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| Treatment for Helminths include | anthelmintic medications
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| micro-organisms that are not pathogenic are called | normal flora
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| Many viruses are harmless to humans (FACT) turn card for more info.... | Fungi (yeast) are needed to make beer, bread, and cheese
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| The number of NEW cases of a disease in a population is called | incidence
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| The number of EXISTING cases of a disease | prevalence
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| A disease that ALWAYS occurs at LOW levels in a population | endemic
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| A disease that OCCURS at HIGH levels in a population | epidemic
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| An epidemic that spreads over a large area WORLDWIDE is called | pandemic
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| A disease that SUDDENLY occurs in unexpected numbers in a limited area and then SUBSIDES is called an | Outbreak
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| The separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infections risk is passed is called | quarantine
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| CDC(P) stands for the | Center for disease and control prevention
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| The incidence of obesity, cancer, heart disease, and low immune response is associated with | sleep deprivation
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| The terms neoplasm, neoplasia, and tumor are used to describe | Ca or CA
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| Ca CA stands for | Cancer
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| A change in biochemistry of a gene resulting in the production of abnormal cells is called a | mutation
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| A neoplasm that invades other tissues is called | malignant
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| The terms carcinoma and sarcoma refer to | malignancies
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| The ability to generate tumors at distant sites is called | metastasis (metastatic) (mets)
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| A tumor that does not metastasize is called | benign
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| what does metastasize mean | spread
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| Lipoma AKA | fatty tumor
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| myoma AKA | muscle tumor
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| angioma AKA | vascular or lymphatic
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| nevus AKA | mole
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| papilloma AKA | polyp or wart
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| adenoma AKA | glandular tumor
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| UVA and UVB radiation from sunlight or tanning beds increase the risk of | skin malignancies
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| UV light also destroys collagen causing... | wrinkles and accelerates aging
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| STI's especially HPV, early sexual activity, and multiple sexual partners increases the chance of what? | Cervical malignacies
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| Estrogen therapy such as BCP's or HRT can increase the incidences of | Breast Malignancies
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| what does EPA stand for | environmental protection agency
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| 6 malignancies including breast, liver, rectum, mouth, throat and esophageal may be caused by | Alcohol (ETOH)
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| A sedentary lifestyle means... | little or no excercise
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| A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of these six malignancies | 1 breast 2 lung 3 ovarian 4 endometrial 5 colon 6 prostate
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| The average American spends 9 waking hours | sitting (probably cause they are taking Mark's classes!)
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| What is prophylaxis | protection
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| Cancer prophylaxis recommendations include: | 30 minutes a day walking 5 days a week
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| Signs and symptoms of Cancer include | change in bowel habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, indigestion, dysphagia, obvious change in a verruca or nevus, nagging cough or hoarseness,
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| What is usually not an early sign of cancer | pain
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| the diagnosis of cancer is usually confirmed with a | biopsy (BX)
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| Names 3! types of biopsies | Frozen sections, needle biopsy, exfoliative cytology
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| exfoliative cytology (study of cells) refers to ... Name 3! | Scrapings, washings secretions
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| Cancer staging refers to the | size and spread
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| Cancer grading refers to the | aggressiveness of the cancer
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| 1 Antineoplastic medications (chemo), 2 radiation therapy,3 hormonal therapy, 4 surgery are | Treatment for cancer
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| Proliferation of gonococci (GC) can cause the STD known as | gonorrhea
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| Bacterial Pathogens are | disease creators
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| Strep is | streptococci
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| Proliferation is | growth in numbers
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| Proliferation of strep can cause | strep throat
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| Staph is | staphylococci
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| Proliferation (grown in numbers) of staphylococci (staph) can cause | impetigo (bacterial skin infection)
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| Salmonella is a | bacterial pathogen
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| Proliferation of salmonella can cause | gastroenteritis (inflammation of stomach and small intestins) AKA food poisoning
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| E. coli stands for | escherichia coli
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| Proliferation of E. coli can cause | UTI's (urinary tract infections) and gastroenteritis
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| GC is | gonococci
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| Proliferation of gonococci (GC) can cause the STD | gonorrhea
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| C. diff is | colostridium difficile
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| Proliferation of C. diff can cause these two | 1 extreme diarrhea (loose watery stools) and 2 dehydration (hypovolemic shock)
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| Diptheria is a | bacterial pathogen
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| Proliferation of diptheria can cause these two | 1 myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardium) and 2 neuritis (inflammation of nerves)
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| Pertussis AKA | whooping cough (uncontrollable violent coughing)
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| Complications of pertussis (whooping cough) include these three | 1 seizure disorders 2 mental retardation and 3 death
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| Approximately 500 different types of bacteria have been identified living in the average | human mouth
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| The average human has approximately one million billion bacteria living in and on the body | True
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| Viral pathogens include these three | 1 HAV
2 HBV
3 HCV
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| Complications of HBV and HCV include | cirrhosis (degeneration of the liver)
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| Influenza is | the flu virus (A+B)
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| A complication of influenza is | pneumonia (inflammation of a lung)
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| Coryza (200 viral strains) AKA | the common cold
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| Varicella AKA | chicken pox
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| Complications of varicella include these two | 1 pneumonia
2 cerebral edema
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| The sequela (aftermath) of varicella (chicken pox) can be | herpes zoster AKA shingles
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| Complications of herpes zoster (shingles) include these two | 1 extreme pain
2 scarring (cicatrices)
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| Complications of parotitis include these two | 1 meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) and
2 bilateral orchitis (inflammation of the testes)
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| 1 congenital cataracts 2 deafness 3 heart defects 4 mental retardation are Complications of | rubella (german measles) include these 4
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| A Complication of polio myelitis is | motor paralysis (inability to move)
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| Dermatophytosis refers to an | integumentary (skin, hair & nails) fungal infection
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| E. coli (escherichia coli) in the large bowel produce | vitamin K
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| Oral, pulmonary, laryngeal, pharyngeal, esophageal, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatic, renal, gastric, uterine and bladder malignancies are increased by the use of | tobacco
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| esophageal, gastric, breast and colorectal malignancies may be caused by | poor diet (insufficient fruits and vegetables)
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| STI's are | sexually transmitted infections
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| HPV is | human papilloma virus
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| STI and HPV early sexual activity and multiple sexual partners increases the risk of | cervical malignancies
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| Asbestos | mesothelioma
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| Radon | lung
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| Benzene | leukemia
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| The number of chemicals in commercial products has reached | 80,000
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| Carcinogenic means | cancer creating
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| The EPA has required testing on | 200 commercial products and restricted 5
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| Environmental agent pollution can include | air and water pollution
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| Genetic predisposition can include | breast ovarian and bladder malignancies
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| Hereditary diseases are also called | genetic (familial) diseases
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| Hereditary diseases are caused by a | defective gene
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| Genes represent the | blueprint of how the body is constructed
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| The blueprint is also expressed in an abbreviation called | DNA
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| Genes are found in groups called | chromosomes
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| Normally, each human has this number of chromosomes | 46 chromosomes
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| Each parent donates this number of chromosomes to each child | 23 chromosomes
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| Hereditary diseases include these 5 | 1 Polydactyl (extra findgers and toes)
2 Achondroplasia (dwarfism)
3 PKU (enzyme dificiency)
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| PKU is | phyenylketonuria
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| Enzymes are | chemical catalysts
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| Catalysts refer to | anything that causes reactions to occur
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| Neonates (newborns) are routinely tested for | PKU (phenylketonuria)
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| Untreated PKU's cause | MR (mental retardation)
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| TX for PKU includes | a modified diet of no protein (milk, meat, eggs, nuts, legumes, aspartene)
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| Galactosemia is a dietary enzyme deficiency in Caucasians that can cause these 4 (BELK) | 1 liver, 2 eye, 3 kidney and 4 brain damage
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| Treatment for galactosemia includes | diet modification (no galactose no dairy)
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| SCA (sickle cell anemia) occurrs when | erythrocytes (RBC's) are produced with a sickle shape that inhibits respiration (exchange of gases) and causes agglutination
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| Agglutination refers to the | clumping together of the deformed erythrocytes (RBCs)
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| Agglutination can cause SCC | Sickle Cell Crises
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| Vascular occlusions | infarcts
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| tissue ischemia | oxygen depravation
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| Necrosis | death
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| Thoracodynia | chest pain
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| Dyspnea | difficulty breathing or SOB shortness of breath
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| Hemolytic anemai | erythrocyte RBC destruction
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| Signs and symptoms of SCC also include | sever pain and organ failure
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| SCA primarily affects | African Americans
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| DX of SCA is confirmed with a | microscopic examination of the erythrocytes (RBC)
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| TX for SCA includes these 3 | Blood transfusions, analgesics and cO2 (oxygen) therapy
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| Albinism occurs when there is an absence of | melanin (skin pigmentation)
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| Achromatopsia is | color blindness (red and green)
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| Hemophilia is a coagulopathy or | disease condition of clotting
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| Coagulopathy occurs with an absence of a | clotting factor
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| CF (cystic fibrosis) is characterized by these 2 | pulmonary (lung) and pancreatic dysfunctions
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| DS is | down syndrome
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| DS occurs when there is a trisomy of chromosome number | 21
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| The incidence of DS is higher among children born to mothers over the age of | 35
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| There are ____ (number) characteristics of DS | nine or 9
1 mild to profound MR
2 eyes appear slanted and wide set
3 protruding tounge
4 short flat nose
5 short stature
6 very affectionate
7 straight crease extends across the palms of the hand
8 pinky finger is shorter
9 short life span
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| The DX of genetic diseases can be obtained by performing an | amniocentesis or CVS (chorionic villus sampling)
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| Congenital defects are acquired during | gestation (pregnancy) not heredity
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| 1 hypoxia (deficient oxygen) 2 maternal infection 3 drug use 4 malnutrition 5 radiation are common causes of | congenital defects
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| There are ___ (number) of common congenital defects | seven or 7
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| CP (congenital) | cerebral palsy
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| CHD (congenital) | congenital heart defect
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| SB (congenital) | spina bifida
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|
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| CL (congenital) | cleft lip
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|
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| CP (congenital) | cleft palate
🗑
|
||||
| EA (congenital) | esophageal atresia
🗑
|
||||
| PS (congenital) | pyloric stenosis
🗑
|
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