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Diseaseintro
Intro to Disease
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Disease is | any deviation or interruption from any normal body function |
Pathology is | the study of disease |
Pathogenic (pathogenesis) means | pertaining to the cause of a disease |
Idiopathic means | pertaining to an unknown disease |
Etiology means | the study of the cause |
Lesion means | any abnormal tissue |
Signs are | evidence of disease that can be seen |
Examples of signs include these three | pyrexia (fever) leukocytosis (too many white blood cells) jaundice (yellowing of the skin and sclera) |
Symptoms are | evidence of disease that is felt |
Three examples of symptoms include | lumbodynia (low back pain) N+V (nausea and vomiting) puritis (itching) |
Syndrome means | a combination of signs and symptoms |
Dx (diagnosis) means | the act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms |
Px (prognosis) means | the predicated outcome of a disease |
Sequela means | the aftermath of a disease |
Acute means | a sudden onset AKA paroxysmal |
Chronic means | recurring or persistent |
Insidious means | slow to appear |
Exacerbation means | to get worse or make worse |
Remission means | the signs and symptoms of a chronic disease subside |
Relapse means | a disease returns |
Complication means | a secondary disease develops with a primary disease |
Terminal means | a disease that ends in death |
Mortality means | the number of deaths caused by a disease |
Palliative means | relieving symptoms but not curing |
Homeostatis is | a steady state or balance that the body tries to maintain |
Immunity is the | ability of the body to defend itself against infections agents, foreign cells, and cancer cells |
Inflammation occurs | whenever there is trauma |
Trauma is | any wound or injury |
Examples of trauma include: 1. Abrasion | superficial mechanical damage to the skin |
Three types of abrasion | scrape chafe abrade |
Excoriation | superficial chemical damage to the skin |
Contusion | bleeding under the skin |
Laceration | tissue cut ripped or torn |
Avulsion | tearing any part of the body away from the whole |
FX | fracture |
Infection | infection |
Allergic reaction | allergic reaction |
Damage caused by trauma stimulates the release of | histamine from basophils (white blood cells) |
release of histamine from basophils (white blood cells) starts the | inflammatory response |
Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response include these five | 1 Erythema (redness) 2 Inflammatory exudate (swelling edema) 3 Pain 4 Warmth 5 Pruitis (itching) |
The body responds to trauma in this fashion because | the more fluid (hyperemia) that is brought to traumatized area, the faster the healing will occur |
The faster the tissue heals | the less chance of infection |
Suppurative, pyogenic, purulent and abcess all refer to | pus |
Pus is primarily made up of | necrosed (dead) leukocytes (white blood cells) who faught the fight |
Leukocytes (white blood cells) include monkeys never eat little bananas | monocytes (phagocytic packman eating cells) neutrophils (phagocytic) eosinophils (allergies) lymphocytes (produce antibodies) basophils (release histamine) |
An autoimmune disease occurs when | the immune system attacks the body's health tissues |
Autoimmune diseases are more common in | women (90%) |
1.5 million Americans have | lupus |
Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a | non contagious incurable inflammatory autoimmune disease |
Two types of lupus include | 1. DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus) 2. SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) |
DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus) is characterized by a | rash on the face, neck or scalp "butterfly rash" |
Systemic lupus (SLE) is characterized by: Fatigue | loss of energy |
Cephalagia | headache |
Anxiety | anxiety |
MDD | Major depressive disorder |
Rash with photosensitivity | light sensitive |
Arthralgia | joint pain |
Myalgia | muscle pain |
Alopecia | hair loss |
Lymphadenopathy | swollen lymphnoids |
Splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
Bilateral pleurisy | inflammation of the pleurae lining of the lungs |
Pericarditis | inflammation of the outer lining of the heart |
Endocarditis | inflammation of the inner part of the heart |
CHF | congestive heart failure |
Atherosclerosis | hardening of the arteries caused by fatty plaque |
Lupus nephritis | inflammation of kidneys |
DX | diagnosis |
Diagnosis of lupus in confirmed with an ANA | Antinuclear antibody blood test |
TX | treatment |
Treatment of lupus includes these four | NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs) SAIDS (steroidal anti inflamaatory drugs) Analgesics (pain releivers) Immunosupressants (Benlysta) |
Analgesics | pain releivers |
SAIDs | steroidal anti inflammatory drugs |
NSAIDs | non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs |
Immunosuppressants | Benlysta |
SLE (systemic lupus) can cause premature death due to | renal (kidney) or cardiac (heart) failure |
MS | multiple sclerosis |
GD | Grave's disease |
Type 1 DM | diabetes mellitus |
UC | ulcerative colitis |
CD | Crohn's disease |
Vitiligo | loss of skin pigmentation |
RA | rheumatoid arthritis contractures |
Scleroderma | hardening of skin |
Foreign protein (bacteria) include these four | 1 virus 2 fungi 3 toxins 4 allergens |
Any foreign protein that triggers an immune response is called an | antigen |
A normal response to an antigen is called an | allergy |
An unusual or exaggerated allergic response to an antigen is called | anaphylaxis (analphylatic shock) |
Antibodies are | microscopic immune proteins that bind to antigens (tag it) |
Immunity cased by the body creating antibodies (immune protein) is called | active immunity |
Antibodies tag the antigens for | destruction by the immune system |
Antibodies (immune proteins) are | specialized |
Specialized means that | only a specific antigen (virus bacteria fungus) will be tagged |
Active immunity can be achieved by (3 names meaning same thing) | immunization aka inoculation or vaccination |
A vaccine is ... | attenuated (crippled) or inactivated (dead) antigen |
An attenuated or inactivated antigen DOES NOT cause the disease but will... | Trigger the B lymphocytes (B cells) to produce antibodies (immune proteins) |
Antibody production is the only mechanism that can ... | defeat a pathogenic (disease creating) virus |
Multiple exposure to attenuated or inactivated antigen can cause a better and longer lasting immunity which is the reason for.. | booster immunizations |
Immunity caused by receiving antibodies from another is called... | passive immunity |
An example of a passive immunity is ... | colostrum breast feeding for the first 2-5 days |
Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the incidence of ... | DM (diabetes mellitis) ,heart disease, obesity, eczema,lymphomas, and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) |
A natural immunity inherited genetically from your ancestors is called an | innate immunity |
An antigen's power to overcome the defenses of it's host is called | virulence (virulent) |
A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another is called | communicable (contagious) |
To convey (spread) a communicable (contagious) disease from one person to another is called | transmission |
The most effective way to prevent the transmission of pathogens is | proper hand washing |
what does attenuated mean (when pertaining to a vaccine) | crippled |
what does inactivated mean (when pertaining to a vaccine) | dead |
Bacterial pathogens are | disease creators |
Strep | streptococci |
Proliferation (growth in numbers) of streptococci can cause | strep throat |
Full name for E. Coli | escherichia |
Full name for GC | gonococci |
Full name for C. diff | clostridium difficile |
Pertussis is AKA... | whooping cough |
Many bacterial infections can be treated by | antibiotic therapy |
Antibiotic means | pertaining to against life (bacterial) |
Viral pathogens include... | HAV HBV HCV |
What is HAV HBV HCV | Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus |
What is influenza | flu |
What is a complication of the flu | pneumonia |
what does pneumonia mean | inflammation of a lung |
Coryza is AKA | the common cold |
Varicella is AKA | chicken pox |
sequela means | aftermath |
what is the sequela of varicella (chicken pox) | shingles |
Rubeola AKA | measles |
Parotitis AKA | mumps |
Rubella AKA | German measles |
What is a complication of polio | Motor paralysis |
What does HIV stand for | Human immunodeficiency virus |
HIV is primarily transmitted these 3 ways | Sexual contact, sharing needles, the entry of contaminated body fluids |
HIV is not transmitted through ... | Casual contact, 3! Shaking hands, eating , kissing |
The average time period between HIV and aids is | 2-10 years |
What does aids stand for | Acquired immune dificiency syndrome |
The diagnosis of aids is given when what two things occur | Opportunistic infections, and/or a cd4 t lymphocyte count <200 |
Opportunistic infections associated with aids ...name 5 | TB, pneumocystis (Cabrinii) pneumonia (pcp) , ca Candida albicans, cmv cytomegalovirus, ks kaposi's sarcoma |
Blood tests to detect the HIV antibodies include these 2... | ELISA , western blot |
Treatment for the HIV and aids include | HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy |
What do antibiotics have no affect on | Viral infections |
When is it appropriate to prescribe an antibiotic for a viral infection | If the patient is immunocomprimised , or if the patient is afflicted with a chronic disease |
Why would an antibiotic be prescribed to someone who is immunocomprimised | To stop a secondary bacterial infection |
Tinea corporis is | Ring worm |
Tinea pedis is | Athletes foot |
Tinea Cruris is | Jock itch |
Tinea capitis | Scalp |
Tinea unguium | Nails |
What do you use to treat dermatophytosis | Anti fungal medications |
Micro-organisms that are not pathogenic are called | Normal flora |
Helminths refer to a | Parasitical worm infestation |
Infestation means | To live in or on as a parasite |
A parasite is | A organism that benefits at the expense of the host |
Name 3! Helminths | Roundworms pinworms tapeworms |
The diagnosis of helminths is confirmed with what type of test | O + P fecal test |
What does the O+P stand for in an o+p fecal test | Ova and parasite |
Treatment for Helminths include | anthelmintic medications |
micro-organisms that are not pathogenic are called | normal flora |
Many viruses are harmless to humans (FACT) turn card for more info.... | Fungi (yeast) are needed to make beer, bread, and cheese |
The number of NEW cases of a disease in a population is called | incidence |
The number of EXISTING cases of a disease | prevalence |
A disease that ALWAYS occurs at LOW levels in a population | endemic |
A disease that OCCURS at HIGH levels in a population | epidemic |
An epidemic that spreads over a large area WORLDWIDE is called | pandemic |
A disease that SUDDENLY occurs in unexpected numbers in a limited area and then SUBSIDES is called an | Outbreak |
The separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infections risk is passed is called | quarantine |
CDC(P) stands for the | Center for disease and control prevention |
The incidence of obesity, cancer, heart disease, and low immune response is associated with | sleep deprivation |
The terms neoplasm, neoplasia, and tumor are used to describe | Ca or CA |
Ca CA stands for | Cancer |
A change in biochemistry of a gene resulting in the production of abnormal cells is called a | mutation |
A neoplasm that invades other tissues is called | malignant |
The terms carcinoma and sarcoma refer to | malignancies |
The ability to generate tumors at distant sites is called | metastasis (metastatic) (mets) |
A tumor that does not metastasize is called | benign |
what does metastasize mean | spread |
Lipoma AKA | fatty tumor |
myoma AKA | muscle tumor |
angioma AKA | vascular or lymphatic |
nevus AKA | mole |
papilloma AKA | polyp or wart |
adenoma AKA | glandular tumor |
UVA and UVB radiation from sunlight or tanning beds increase the risk of | skin malignancies |
UV light also destroys collagen causing... | wrinkles and accelerates aging |
STI's especially HPV, early sexual activity, and multiple sexual partners increases the chance of what? | Cervical malignacies |
Estrogen therapy such as BCP's or HRT can increase the incidences of | Breast Malignancies |
what does EPA stand for | environmental protection agency |
6 malignancies including breast, liver, rectum, mouth, throat and esophageal may be caused by | Alcohol (ETOH) |
A sedentary lifestyle means... | little or no excercise |
A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of these six malignancies | 1 breast 2 lung 3 ovarian 4 endometrial 5 colon 6 prostate |
The average American spends 9 waking hours | sitting (probably cause they are taking Mark's classes!) |
What is prophylaxis | protection |
Cancer prophylaxis recommendations include: | 30 minutes a day walking 5 days a week |
Signs and symptoms of Cancer include | change in bowel habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, indigestion, dysphagia, obvious change in a verruca or nevus, nagging cough or hoarseness, |
What is usually not an early sign of cancer | pain |
the diagnosis of cancer is usually confirmed with a | biopsy (BX) |
Names 3! types of biopsies | Frozen sections, needle biopsy, exfoliative cytology |
exfoliative cytology (study of cells) refers to ... Name 3! | Scrapings, washings secretions |
Cancer staging refers to the | size and spread |
Cancer grading refers to the | aggressiveness of the cancer |
1 Antineoplastic medications (chemo), 2 radiation therapy,3 hormonal therapy, 4 surgery are | Treatment for cancer |
Proliferation of gonococci (GC) can cause the STD known as | gonorrhea |
Bacterial Pathogens are | disease creators |
Strep is | streptococci |
Proliferation is | growth in numbers |
Proliferation of strep can cause | strep throat |
Staph is | staphylococci |
Proliferation (grown in numbers) of staphylococci (staph) can cause | impetigo (bacterial skin infection) |
Salmonella is a | bacterial pathogen |
Proliferation of salmonella can cause | gastroenteritis (inflammation of stomach and small intestins) AKA food poisoning |
E. coli stands for | escherichia coli |
Proliferation of E. coli can cause | UTI's (urinary tract infections) and gastroenteritis |
GC is | gonococci |
Proliferation of gonococci (GC) can cause the STD | gonorrhea |
C. diff is | colostridium difficile |
Proliferation of C. diff can cause these two | 1 extreme diarrhea (loose watery stools) and 2 dehydration (hypovolemic shock) |
Diptheria is a | bacterial pathogen |
Proliferation of diptheria can cause these two | 1 myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardium) and 2 neuritis (inflammation of nerves) |
Pertussis AKA | whooping cough (uncontrollable violent coughing) |
Complications of pertussis (whooping cough) include these three | 1 seizure disorders 2 mental retardation and 3 death |
Approximately 500 different types of bacteria have been identified living in the average | human mouth |
The average human has approximately one million billion bacteria living in and on the body | True |
Viral pathogens include these three | 1 HAV 2 HBV 3 HCV |
Complications of HBV and HCV include | cirrhosis (degeneration of the liver) |
Influenza is | the flu virus (A+B) |
A complication of influenza is | pneumonia (inflammation of a lung) |
Coryza (200 viral strains) AKA | the common cold |
Varicella AKA | chicken pox |
Complications of varicella include these two | 1 pneumonia 2 cerebral edema |
The sequela (aftermath) of varicella (chicken pox) can be | herpes zoster AKA shingles |
Complications of herpes zoster (shingles) include these two | 1 extreme pain 2 scarring (cicatrices) |
Complications of parotitis include these two | 1 meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) and 2 bilateral orchitis (inflammation of the testes) |
1 congenital cataracts 2 deafness 3 heart defects 4 mental retardation are Complications of | rubella (german measles) include these 4 |
A Complication of polio myelitis is | motor paralysis (inability to move) |
Dermatophytosis refers to an | integumentary (skin, hair & nails) fungal infection |
E. coli (escherichia coli) in the large bowel produce | vitamin K |
Oral, pulmonary, laryngeal, pharyngeal, esophageal, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatic, renal, gastric, uterine and bladder malignancies are increased by the use of | tobacco |
esophageal, gastric, breast and colorectal malignancies may be caused by | poor diet (insufficient fruits and vegetables) |
STI's are | sexually transmitted infections |
HPV is | human papilloma virus |
STI and HPV early sexual activity and multiple sexual partners increases the risk of | cervical malignancies |
Asbestos | mesothelioma |
Radon | lung |
Benzene | leukemia |
The number of chemicals in commercial products has reached | 80,000 |
Carcinogenic means | cancer creating |
The EPA has required testing on | 200 commercial products and restricted 5 |
Environmental agent pollution can include | air and water pollution |
Genetic predisposition can include | breast ovarian and bladder malignancies |
Hereditary diseases are also called | genetic (familial) diseases |
Hereditary diseases are caused by a | defective gene |
Genes represent the | blueprint of how the body is constructed |
The blueprint is also expressed in an abbreviation called | DNA |
Genes are found in groups called | chromosomes |
Normally, each human has this number of chromosomes | 46 chromosomes |
Each parent donates this number of chromosomes to each child | 23 chromosomes |
Hereditary diseases include these 5 | 1 Polydactyl (extra findgers and toes) 2 Achondroplasia (dwarfism) 3 PKU (enzyme dificiency) |
PKU is | phyenylketonuria |
Enzymes are | chemical catalysts |
Catalysts refer to | anything that causes reactions to occur |
Neonates (newborns) are routinely tested for | PKU (phenylketonuria) |
Untreated PKU's cause | MR (mental retardation) |
TX for PKU includes | a modified diet of no protein (milk, meat, eggs, nuts, legumes, aspartene) |
Galactosemia is a dietary enzyme deficiency in Caucasians that can cause these 4 (BELK) | 1 liver, 2 eye, 3 kidney and 4 brain damage |
Treatment for galactosemia includes | diet modification (no galactose no dairy) |
SCA (sickle cell anemia) occurrs when | erythrocytes (RBC's) are produced with a sickle shape that inhibits respiration (exchange of gases) and causes agglutination |
Agglutination refers to the | clumping together of the deformed erythrocytes (RBCs) |
Agglutination can cause SCC | Sickle Cell Crises |
Vascular occlusions | infarcts |
tissue ischemia | oxygen depravation |
Necrosis | death |
Thoracodynia | chest pain |
Dyspnea | difficulty breathing or SOB shortness of breath |
Hemolytic anemai | erythrocyte RBC destruction |
Signs and symptoms of SCC also include | sever pain and organ failure |
SCA primarily affects | African Americans |
DX of SCA is confirmed with a | microscopic examination of the erythrocytes (RBC) |
TX for SCA includes these 3 | Blood transfusions, analgesics and cO2 (oxygen) therapy |
Albinism occurs when there is an absence of | melanin (skin pigmentation) |
Achromatopsia is | color blindness (red and green) |
Hemophilia is a coagulopathy or | disease condition of clotting |
Coagulopathy occurs with an absence of a | clotting factor |
CF (cystic fibrosis) is characterized by these 2 | pulmonary (lung) and pancreatic dysfunctions |
DS is | down syndrome |
DS occurs when there is a trisomy of chromosome number | 21 |
The incidence of DS is higher among children born to mothers over the age of | 35 |
There are ____ (number) characteristics of DS | nine or 9 1 mild to profound MR 2 eyes appear slanted and wide set 3 protruding tounge 4 short flat nose 5 short stature 6 very affectionate 7 straight crease extends across the palms of the hand 8 pinky finger is shorter 9 short life span |
The DX of genetic diseases can be obtained by performing an | amniocentesis or CVS (chorionic villus sampling) |
Congenital defects are acquired during | gestation (pregnancy) not heredity |
1 hypoxia (deficient oxygen) 2 maternal infection 3 drug use 4 malnutrition 5 radiation are common causes of | congenital defects |
There are ___ (number) of common congenital defects | seven or 7 |
CP (congenital) | cerebral palsy |
CHD (congenital) | congenital heart defect |
SB (congenital) | spina bifida |
CL (congenital) | cleft lip |
CP (congenital) | cleft palate |
EA (congenital) | esophageal atresia |
PS (congenital) | pyloric stenosis |