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Linguistics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the study of the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language? | Phonology |
| What is : the component of a grammar made up of the elements and principles that determine how sounds pattern in a language | Phonology |
| What the study of phonology does? | attempts to discover general principles that underlie the patterning of sounds in human language |
| What is : a speech sound considered as a physical event without regard to its place in the sound system of a language (also, phonetic segment) | Phone |
| What is: sound segments that are distinctive, that contrast or distinguish words; abstract representation in speaker’s mind | Phoneme |
| The spelling systems tend to ignore phonetic variation in which cases? | Non-distinctive sounds |
| What is the characteristic of a sound that is distinctive? | It changes the meaning of the word. |
| What is: two forms with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment found in the same position in each form. | Minimal pair |
| How is called the phonetic context in which a sound occurs? | its environment |
| What is : pin, bin, tin, din, kin, fin, sin | A minimal set |
| Phone or phoneme? One of many possible sounds in the languages of the world. | Phone |
| Phone or phoneme? A contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language | Phoneme |
| Phone or phoneme? The smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech | Phone |
| Phone or phoneme? A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words. | Phoneme |
| Phone or phoneme? Pronounced in a defined way | Phone |
| Phone or phoneme? Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones. | Phoneme |
| Phone or phoneme? Represented between brackets by convention. | Phone |
| Phone or phoneme? Represented between slashes by convention | Phoneme |
| What is: a predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme (usually phonetically similar and found in complementary distribution); realization of phoneme in actual speech e.g., [p] and [ph ] in English | Allophone |
| ________________ are phonetically conditioned predictable variants of the phoneme. | Allophones |
| What is: The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment | Complementary distribution |
| Allophones are found in _____________________. | Complementary distribution |
| What is Psycholinguistics? | The scientific study of the mental processing of language; investigates the perception and representation of language |
| Which 3 aspects does Psycholinguistics study? | linguistic performance language acquisition speech production and comprehension how language is processed mentally |
| What is Priming? | Priming: an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus (ex, a word) influences the response to another stimulus. |
| In psycholinguistics, what are Bottom-up processes? | moving from acoustic or visual signal to semantic interpretation |
| In psycholinguistics, what are Top-down processes? | going from semantic and syntactic info to sensory input; allows predictions |
| What are evidences for top-down processing? | *fewer errors and faster word identification: in sentences than in isolation in meaningful than nonmeaningfulsentences |
| Of what consist a lexical decision task? | Decide if given string is a word or not |
| What factors affect word recognition and lexical access? | Frequency: ex.: "have" easier than "jade" Orthographic/phon. neighbourhood: mine vs much Length: "bank" easier than "discriminate" Lexical ambiguity |
| Exemples of lexical ambiguity. | Homophones: knight/night Homographs: lead Possible meanings : bank versus film |
| Define Lexical decision experiment. | Deciding whether a string of letters is a word or not. |
| Define Naming task experiment. | Reading aloud a printed word. |
| Define Shadowing task experiment | Repeating what one hears as rapidly as possible. |
| What is: "Studies the relation between language and the brain, especially the association between brain damage and speech and language deficits." | Neurolinguistics |
| Name 3 techniques used to investigate brain organization | PET fMRI Brain imaging Dichotic listening studies Split brain studies |
| After both hemispheres of the brain are split, what happens that is called alexia and anomia ? | Words presented to far left visual field cannot be read (alexia) Hidden objects placed in the left hand cannot be named (anomia) |
| What is lateralization? | -Brain asymmetry whereby each hemisphere is specialized for certain functions. -Language largely lateralized to left hemisphere |
| Which activities are lateralized in the left hemisphere of the brain ? | Analytical processing (analyzing information) •Language, speech sounds •Mathematical calculations •Temporal relations •Intellectual reasoning •Right visual field |
| Which activities are lateralized in the right hemisphere of the brain ? | Holistic processing (recognizing overall patterns, e.g., face recognition) •Nonspeech sounds •Intonation, prosody •Music (in musically naïve individuals) •Visual-spatial skills •Emotional reactions •Left visual field |
| Where is Broca's area? What does it control? | Broca’sArea: In left frontal lobe Controls production of speech sounds Lies close to motor areas |
| Where si Wernike's area? What does it control? | Wernicke’s Area: Left temporal lobe Gets meaning from words and sentences Formulates ideas into speech |
| What is : A language deficit caused by damage to the brain. | Aphasia |
| How can you describe patients with Broca's aphasia? | Non fluent patients, Labored, halting speech Most severe form = global aphasia -Patient completely mute •Lack of inflections and function morphemes •Comprehension is generally good •Difficulty judging the grammaticality of sentences •Aware of it |
| How can you describe patients with Wernike's aphasia? | •Difficulty selecting, organizing, and monitoring language production •Speech is fluent (function words, inflections) but semantically incoherent •Lexical errors, nonsense words, circumlocutions •Comprehension is poor Unaware of it |
| How can you describe patients with Conduction aphasia? | speech is fluent auditory comprehension is good oral reading is poor repetition problems transpositions of sounds within a word("television" --> "velitision") are common •rare |
| What is the difference in the processing of the brain for a later learned language? | •Less left hem. and more right hem. involvement in grammatical processing |
| What is: The Study of interrelationships of language and social structure, of linguistic variation, and of attitudes toward language. | Sociolinguistics |
| Examples of speech varieties? | -the standard language -social speech varieties (social dialects or sociolects) -regional speech varieties (or regional dialects) -functional speech varieties (or registers ), speech styles -idiolect : individual’s speech variety |
| Give an example of a prescriptive standard or of an arbitrary notion of standard of language? | • *“He never made no mean remark.’’ Sentences with double negatives today considered ‘ungrammatical’ •Ex: 1.*Kim and me went to the store. Should be Kim and I when pronoun in subject position |
| What is hypercorrection? | ? |
| What is sociolects? | Particular speech variety associated with social group based on socioeconomic status, or ethnic, gender, occupational, or age groups. Ex:Brahmin dialect of Boston (upper class)/ South Boston dialect (working class) |
| What is: a variation in speech characteristics from one geographical area to another? | Regional dialects |
| Give an example of Regional dialect in English Canada. | ex: Newfoundland English -Unique lexical items: ex.: archaisms 'drite ’ for ‘dryness in air' -Innovations or neologisms: ‘ fishocracy ‘ business class in St-John's or 'dwall' : a short, light sleep |
| Give an example of Regional dialect in the French language. | Can. French / Eur. French traversier = ferry /crossing : poudrerie = blowing snow /powder : dépanneur convenience store / repairman |
| Give an example of a morphological difference between Acadian and Quebec French. | Ex: Acadian French: “Ils donnont de l’argent à Marie. |
| Give an example of phonological difference in Canadian English. | - Canadian raising (ex: 'house', 'out') - Yoddizing: 'tune' [tjun] vs [tun] |
| What is the difference between registers and speech styles? | - Registers: language appropriate to particular speech situation ex, associated with particular context or activity - Speech styles (formal — informal continuum) |
| What is: — trade language used by general agreement as means of communication among speakers of different languages. | Lingua franca ex.: English for business or diplomacy |
| What are the 2 aspects that define a "pidgin"? | Pidgin : ‘’contact language’’ -No native speakers -Based on linguistic features of 1+ other languages; a simplified language with reduced vocabulary and grammar |
| What are the different features of "pidgins"? | -Limited vocabulary (mostly from dominant language, the lexifier) -Grammatical features typically lack inflectional morphemes -Forms of verb "to be" often absent -Prepositions often limited |
| When does a "pidgin" becomes "creole"? | • Under certain circumstances children learn a pidgin as their L1. • Native speakers use the pidgin as their primary language |
| Examples of "pidgins"? | Melanesian Pidgin English: Tok Pisin, Solomon Islands pidgin, |
| Examples of "creoles"? | Haitian Creole, Antilles Creole, French Guinea Creole, Louisiana French Creole, New Caledonian Pidgin French English-based: Jamaican Creole, Bahamian Creole, Belize Creole, Gullah, Antilles Creole, Krio, Australian pidgin, Hawaiian Creole |
| What is: the incorporation of a loan word from one language into another (ex: English use "savoir-faire" from French)? | Borrowing |
| What is a loan word? | Words in one language whose origins are in another language. Ex: The use of "Pop-corn" in French |
| What is nonce borrowing? | Idiosyncratic use (by an individual) of word in another language. |
| What si code-switching? | Insertion of word or phrase of language other that being spoken into single sentence or movement back and forth between two languages across sentences. |
| Name 5 of the 9 thematic roles that can occur in a sentence. | -Agent -Theme -Location -Goal -Sources -Instrument -Experiencer -Causative -Possessor |
| What is an idiolect? | Every person has an individual way of speaking called an idiolect. |
| What are the dialects of a language? | The mutually intelligible forms of that language that differ in systematic ways from each other. |
| How is called a word or phrase that replace a taboo expression? | Euphemism |
| How are called the nerve cells that form the surface of the brain and which serves as the intellectual decision maker? | Cortex |
| How is called the phenomena of the left hemisphere of the brain controlling the right parts of the body and vice-versa? | Contralateral control |
| What is spoonerism? | Sounds or words that are exchanged or reversed |
| Give an example of a garden-path sentence. | After the child visited the doctor prescribed a course of injections. |
Created by:
emiemush
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