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Ess Hum Dis/Cond ch2
OTH 2410 FALL 2012 Conditions SM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the stages of the developmental process? | Fertilization & Conception; Prenatal; Perinatal ; Postnatal |
| What are the 2 prenatal stages: | Embryonic & Fetal |
| Embryonic describes what period? | Initial 2 mo. of gestation |
| Fetal describes what period? | from embryonic until birth |
| What stage is Perinatal? | During the birthing process |
| What stage is Post/Neonatal? | Up to 1 mo. after birth |
| What are the main causes of Congenital Anomalies? | Genetic, non-genetic, or both |
| True/False: You can always see congenital defects immediately at birth | False. Some may be present at birth but not present until later. |
| True/False: Congenital defects only affect the physical | False. Many anomolies are neurological or both and can affect more than one system. |
| What are 2 tests that are effective at early intervention of congenital abnormalities? | Amniocentesis & Ultrasound |
| What is considered Premature? | Any birth under 37 weeks gestation. |
| What are the symptoms of Prematurity? | Low birth wt>5.8 lbs; incomplete organ development; respiratory/immune issues/infection/HBP: Leading cause of death in NeoNatal Period-can have cerebral bleeds,weak reflexes, Brachiopulmonary displasia, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Retinopathy |
| List some reasons/etiology for premature birth: | Incompetent cervix, bicornate "horned" uterus, multi's, fetal growth retardation, prem. membrane rupture (trauma),toxic cond's, maternal infections, chronic HBP |
| List 6 main diseases of the nervous system: | Down's Syndrome; Cerebral Palsy CP; Muscular Distrophy MD; Spina Bifida; Myelomeningocele; |
| What is Down's Syndrome? Cause/Etiology? Symptoms? | Nervous disease-mild to sev. retardation-may have seizures. Caused by xtra chromo on Trisomy#21 /+35 prego's. See flat nose, sm mouth, stub fing, low ears, slant eye, simian hand lines;skeletal musc, heart & GI devel issues |
| Describe Cerebral Palsy (CP): | more common to males & premie's;affects motor but also cognitive. |
| Spasticity | Resistance to movement |
| Flaccidity | No resistance to movement (Hypotonic) |
| Name the 5 types of CP: | Spastic (Di/Quad); Athetoid; Ataxic; Mixed; Hypotonic |
| Which 2 CP are High functioning mentally? | Spastic & Athetoid |
| Which CP's are Low Functioning mentally? | Ataxic, Mixed, & Hypotonic |
| Describe the motion of an Athetoid CP: | Writhing, worm-like motions-uncontrolled in fine motor skills |
| Describe the motion of an Ataxic CP: | Uncoordinated in gross motor funtions such as walking, etc. |
| What is mixed CP? | When patient cannot be dx under just one category |
| What is Hypotonic CP? | Where patient has almost no muscle tone control. |
| OT Interventions for Prematurity: | Improving motor skills, sensory input, attending behaviors, Positioning, Calming, Activity, Muscle tone |
| TX for Prematurity: | Prevention/early prognosis--advances in technology=more survival, Supplemental O2, Laser Sx for Retinopathy, Enterocolitis-Med's or Sx. |
| What is Hemiplegia CP? | Affecting One Arm/Leg on same side. |
| What is Diplegia CP? | Lower more affected than upper. |
| What is Monoplegia CP? | One Extremity |
| What is Quadriplegia? | All extrimities |
| OT Interventions for CP? | Healthy activity programs if can for lung function & other syst's, Swimming best(low impact), Assist fam to make most of short life span & resources for Genetic testing |
| What parts does CP affect? | Lungs, Liver, Pancreas, Intestines, glandular-exocrine, multi-systematic |
| What medical Tx are used to Treat CP? | Med's to thin mucus, Sx for occlusions, Breathing Tx, chest percussions (Fatal disease-early 30's)No Cure. |
| Describe Muscular Dystrophy MD? | Genetic degenerative disease affecting skeletal muscle fibers. mostly boys age 3-7: waddling gait, toe walking, freq falls, diff. climbing/reaching or developing milestones, lordosis, contractures, pulm infect's.Duchenne's most common=mental impairment. |
| List Etiology for CP: | usually due to lack of blood/O2 to brain, Recessive-genetic/aquired nonprogressive paralysis due to irreversible damage to CNS before, during, or after birth (non life threatening) |
| List Etiology for MD: | Genetic defect caused by absence of the protein Dystrophin. Female=carrier, males affected. |
| What tests are used to Dx MD? | Muscle biopsy & EMG (electromyography);elevated serum CK (creatine kinase) found in blood, DNA blood testing |
| What Medical Tx are used for MD? | Duchenne's has no successful Tx's. PT, Exercise, Sx, & Ortho Appliances minimize deformities/preserve mobility. Corticosteroids slow muscle degen. Anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, antibiotics. Death w/in 10-15 yrs of onset |
| OT Interventions for MD: | Range of motion, Orthotic devices/adaptive shoes; wheelchair positioning; modifying ADLs |
| Describe Spina Bifida SB: | Malformation of the spine where the post. vertb arches/processes fail to form-allow herniation (L/S).Spinal Cord Part/Completely absent aka Neural Tube Defects. 3 levels: Occulta, Menengocele, Myelomeingocele |
| Etiology of SB: | Congenital specific unknwn; Lack of Vit A/Folic Acid InVitro, expo to Rad. In most severe form-Cord defects more common when prior offspring of mom had similar defect & poss Agent Orange |
| Parts affected with SB: | CSF/Spinal Cord; Menenges; Lumbar-L5/S1; Legs, Bowels; Repro; Hydrocephalus in Mod/Sev |
| Med Tx for SB: | Occulta-observation/poss Sx. Meningocele-Sx 24-48hrs(no cord involv) norm develop. Myelomeningocele-Sx 24hrs w/addtl Sx as needed-hydroceph./may lack bowel/bladder control/lower limb usage. May die before age 2. |
| OT Interventions for SB: | AFO (Ankle-foot ortho's), Transfers, Mobility-shared role, Behavioral modifications. |
| Describe Hydrocephalus: | Enlarged head due to blockage or increased CSF (pressure!) affects both Ped's & Adults. |
| Etiology of Hydrocephalus: | Impairment or blockage of flow of CSF for reabsorbtion. or Increased production of CSF |
| Parts affected with Hydrocephalus: | Intracranial Hemorrhage, blood clots, meningitis, bulging fontenelles, projectile vomiting, irritable/high-pitched cry; downward displacement of eyes. abnorm muscle tone in legs |
| Med Tx for Hydrocephalus: | Ventricular or subarachnoid shunt or peritoneal catheter (preferred-longer)to drain excess CSF |
| OT Interventions for Hydrocephalus: | Do not have upside down for extended periods of time; watch for complaints of headaches, vision issues, nausea |
| Describe Downs Syndrome DS: | Presents with small head/flat skull, slant eyes, flat nasal bridge, low set ears, protruding tongue, small weak muscles. Stubby hands/short fingers, Simian line on palm, exaggerated space between big/little toes. Affectionate/placcid |
| Etiology for DS: | Congenital. Additional Chromo 21 (Trosomy). Common in births to women 35+ |
| Med Tx for DS: | No known cure. Test by amniocentesis/ ultrasound invitro.Sx for cardiac defects; antibiotics pulmonary dx |
| OT Interventions for DS: | Developmental Functions from 1st yr of life on, ADLs, IADLs, Play, Education |
| Describe Asthma: | Chronic reversible obstructive disease cause:increased reactivity of lower respir syst-tracheobronchial tree;Expire wheeze, dry cough; anxiety,pallor, rapid pulse, acute; constriction/bronchioles & Inflammation/airway |
| Asthma Etiology: | Hereditary; also enviro; Hyperactive/sensitive bronchi-extrinsic (allergy)-mold, dander, pollen; or Instrinsic (nonallergy)-stress, infect, exercise, emotions |
| Asthma Tx: | Inhalers or allergy shots, O2,prophylactic meds-avoid smoking/2nd hand |
| OT Interventions for Asthma: | Encourage proper use of med's; avoidance of triggers;Importance of Med Tx when attack doesn't resolve w/normal intervention |
| Describe Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): | Birth defects/other assoc prob's w/infants born to alcoholic moms who drink during pregnancy. Low birth wt,small eye openings spaced wide apart, thin upper lip, CNS prob's, Cardiac septal defects,w/draws: mental retard/vis/aud/comm/memory/attn span |
| FAS Etiology: | Caused by chronic & excessive alcohol intake by mother during gestation |
| FAS Med TX: | Cannot be reversed.Proper nutrition vital; phychosocial needs addressed;dependant upon needs of newborns deficiencies-adaptive equip for feeding/suckling |
| OT Interventions for FAS: | Balance,gross/fine motor skills, mobility, muscle tone/strength, neuro/cognitive, behaviors, coping,time mgmt, processing |
Created by:
RadGirl13
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