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Spine Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave? | thoracic and pelvic |
| Which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curves? | thoracic and pelvic |
| Which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves? | cervical and lumbar |
| Which two vertebral curves are primary curves? | thoracic and pelvic |
| Which spinal condition involves an excessive dorsal curvature of the thoracic vertebral column? | kyphosis |
| Which abnormal spinal condition involves any lateral curvature of the vertebral column? | scoliosis |
| What is the name of the short, thick bony processes that project posteriorly from the lateral and superior aspects of vertebral bodies? | pedicles |
| From the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate? | pedicle and lamina |
| Which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous process? | both laminae |
| Which structures are the zygapophyses? | articular processes |
| Which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of vertebral artery and vein? | transverse processes |
| Which vertebral structures have bifid tips? | spinous processes of cervical vertebrae |
| With reference to the MSP, how do z-joints open in cervical vertebrae? | 90 degrees laterally |
| With reference to the MSP, how do z-joints open in thoracic vertebrae? | 70-75 degrees anteriorly |
| Thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical and lumbar because they have ______. | demifacets |
| Which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets? | heads of ribs |
| With reference to the MSP, how do z-joints open in lumbar vertebrae? | 30-60 degrees posteriorly |
| Lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic because they have ______. | broad, large spinous processes |
| Which parts of the sacrum form the joints with the ilia of the pelvis? | auricular surfaces |
| The AP projects that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from the AP open-mouth because ______ | the chin is extended and the mouth is closed |
| The Fuchs method should not be used if the patient has ______. | suspected fracture or degenerative disease |
| Which projection of the c-spine demonstrates the dens within the foramen magnum? | AP Fuchs method |
| Which cervical structures are demonstrated with the AP open-mouth? | C1 & C2 |
| How should the CR be directed for the AP open-mouth? | perpendicularly at mid-mouth |
| How and where should the CR be directed for AP axial of the c-spine? | 15-20 degrees cephalad to C4 |
| How should the IR be positioned for the AP axial c-spine? | centered to C3 |
| For which c-spine projection should the CR be angled 15-20 degrees cephalad? | AP axial |
| Which evaluation criterion does not apply to AP axial c-spine? a) intervertebral disk spaces open b) spinous processes equidistant to pedicles c) mandibular angles equidistant to vertebrae d) C1 & C2 seen without mandibular superimposition | d |
| Which c-spine projection requires 72" SID? | lateral |
| What should be done to depress the shoulders for the lateral c-spine? | suspend full expiration |
| What should be done to project farther shoulder below c-spine for lateral projection? | direct horizontal CR to C4 |
| How can you prevent mandibular rami from superimposing c-spine in lateral projection? | elevate the chin |
| How do you reduce magnification due to increased OID in lateral c-spine? | use a 72" SID |
| What is recommended size of collimated field for lateral c-spine? | 8x10 |
| Which c-spine projection demonstrates spinous processes elevated and widely separated? | hyperflexion lateral |
| Which c-spine projection demonstrates spinous processes depressed and close together? | hyperextension lateral |
| Which c-spine projection must use a horizontal and perpendicular CR? a) ateral b) AP axial c) AP open mouth d) AP axial oblique | a |
| How should the CR be directed for AP axial oblique of c-spine? | 15-20 degrees cephalad |
| How should the CR be directed for PA axial oblique of c-spine? | 15-20 degrees caudad |
| Which c-spine projection best demonstrates intervertebral foramina? | AP axial oblique |
| Which position of the c-spine best demonstrates the left intervertebral foramina when the CR is angled 15-20 degrees cephalad? | RPO |
| Which position of the c-spine best demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina when the CR is angled 15-20 degrees caudad? | RAO |
| How many degrees from supine should body be rotated for AP axial oblique of c-spine? | 45 degrees |
| What is the proper amount of head and body rotation for PA axial oblique of c-spine? | 45 degrees |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to AP Fuchs method? a) mandible rami superimposed b) all 7 vertebrae demonstrated c) intervertebral foramina and disk spaces open d) entire dens seen through foramen magnum | d |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to AP axial of c-spine? a) all 7 vertebrae demonstrated b) spinous processes equidistant to pedicles c) IV foramina open and side closest to IR well demonstrated d) IV foramina open with side farthest well demonstra | b |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to lateral c-spine? a) all 7 vertebrae demonstrated b) spinous processes equidistant to pedicles c) IV foramina open with closest side well demonstrated d) IV foramina open with side farthest well demonstrated | a |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to AP axial oblique c-spine? a) rami of mandible superimposed b) spinous processes equidistant to pedicles c) IV foramina open with side closest well demonstrated d) IV foramina open with side farthest well demonstr | d |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to PA axial oblique c-spine? a) rami of mandible superimposed b) spinous processes equidistant to pedicles c) IV foramina open with side closest well demonstrated d) IV foramina open with side farthest well demonstr | c |
| Which projection should be included in cervical series if lateral does not demonstrate C7? | Lateral (swimmer's technique) |
| For lateral swimmers, how and where should CR be directed? | perpendicular to IV disk space of C7 & T1 |
| What structures are best demonstrated with lateral swimmers? | lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae |
| For the AP t-spine, where should the CR be centered? | midway between jugular notch and xiphoid process |
| Where should the top of the IR be for the AP t-spine? | 1.5-2" above shoulders |
| For the AP t-spine, why should the patient's hips and knees be flexed? | the reduce kyphosis |
| Which projection most requires the use of anode heel effect? | AP t-spine |
| Which projection best demonstrates IV foramina of t-spine? | lateral |
| What structures are not well visualized on lateral t-spine? | T1-T3 |
| To what level should the CR be directed for lateral t-spine? | inferior angle of scapula |
| What compensation should be made for lateral t-spine if lower thoracic region is not parallel with table? | angle 10-15 degrees cephalad |
| What is done to improve visualization of spinous processes and overall image quality on lateral t-spine? | place lead rubber strip behind patient |
| Which projection of the spine best demonstrates kyphosis? | lateral t-spine |
| Which projection of the spine best demonstrates scoliosis? | PA of thoracolumbar vertebral column |
| Which projection of the spine best demonstrates lordosis? | lateral l-spine |
| Why should the patient flex the hips and knees for AP l-spine? | to reduce lumbar lordosis |
| Where should the CR be centered for the AP of lumbosacral vertebrae? | on MSP at the level of iliac crests |
| When is it recommended that the collimated field size for AP l-spine be open to 14x17? | for trauma patients |
| Which plane should be centered to the midline of the table for the AP l-spine? | MSP |
| Where should the CR be directed for the AP of only the l-spine? | L4 |
| Which plane should be centered to the midline of the table for the lateral l-spine? | MCP |
| Which projection of the l-spine best demonstrates intervertebral foramina? | lateral |
| How many degrees and in what direction should CR be directed for lateral l-spine when spine is parallel with the table? | perpendicular |
| How many degrees and in what direction should CR be directed for lateral l-spine when spine is not parallel with the table? | 5 degrees caudad for males, 8 degrees caudad for females |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the CR be directed for lateral L5-S1 when spine is parallel with the table? | perpendicular |
| Which projection of the l-spine best demonstrates z-joints? | AP oblique |
| Which structures are best demonstrated if a supine patient is rotated 45 degrees with the right side elevated and perpendicular CR directed at L3? | z-joints of left side |
| Which structures are best demonstrated with AP oblique l-spine with patient in 45 degree RPO? | z-joints of right side |
| Which structures are best demonstrated with AP oblique l-spine with patient in 45 degree LPO? | z-joints of left side |
| Which positioning error occured if z-joints are not well demonstrated and pedicle is anterior on vertebral body in AP oblique l-spine? | not enough rotation |
| What positioning error occurred if z-joints are not well demonstrated and pedicle is posterior on vertebral body in AP oblique l-spine? | too much rotation |
| Which projection demonstrates the "scottie dog"? | oblique l-spine |
| What is demonstrated if "scottie dog" is well visualized? | z-joints of l-spine |
| How many degrees of rotation are necessary for AP oblique l-spine? | 45 |
| Which projection of l-spine requires MSP perpendicular to IR? | AP |
| Which projection of l-spine requires MSP parallel to IR? | lateral |
| How many degrees and in which direction should CR be directed for AP axial of lumbosacral and SI joints? | 30-35 degrees cephalad |
| Which projection and patient position best demonstrates right SI joint? | AP oblique with patient in LPO |
| How many degrees of body rotation from supine are required for AP oblique of SI joints? | 35-45 |
| How many degrees and in which direction should CR be directed for AP axial sacrum? | 15 degrees cephalad |
| How many degrees and in which direction should CR be directed for PA axial sacrum? | 15 degrees caudad |
| How many degrees and in which direction should CR be directed for AP axial coccyx? | 10 degrees caudad |
| How many degrees and in which direction should CR be directed for PA axial coccyx? | 10 cegrees cephalad |
| How many degrees and in which direction should CR be directed for lateral sacrum? | perpendicular |
| How many degrees and in which direction should CR be directed for lateral coccyx? | perpendicular |
| Which projection of the Ferguson method should be performed to evaluate scoliosis? | upright PA |
| T/F? Digital unites can be wired or wireless. | true |
| CR should be centered within ____" from midline of grid to avoid cutoff. | 1-2 |
| Grids for mobile radiography have ratios of ____ or ____. | 6:1 8:1 |
| Which produces a greater anode heel effect? 1) short SID 2) large field 3) low kVp | 1 & 2 |
| Recommended SID for mobile radiography | 40" |
| Which should be available on mobile radiography cart? 1) lead apron 2) technique chart 3) calipers | 1,2 & 3 |
| Radiographer should stand ____ away from object and at ____ degree angle from beam. | 6, 90 |
| Least scatter is at ___ angle from beam. | right |
| Most effective method of protection is _____. | distance |
| Shielding should be used on: 1) children 2) patients of reproductive age 3) gonads near the primary beam | 1,2 & 3 |
| Minimum source to skin distance is ____. | 12" |
| Attire to be worn for patients in strict isolation includes: 1) mask 2) gown 3) gloves | 1,2 & 3 |
| Patient should remain in decubitus postion for _____ before exposure. | 5 minutes |
| The cathode should be placed toward the head for: 1) abdomen 2) femur 3) chest | 1 |
| Preliminary steps before the exam include: 1) invite family members to stay 2) introduce yourself 3) identify the correct patient | 2 & 3 |
| What position for mobile AP chest on critical patient? | supine |
| Leaning the grid on lateral decubitus abdomen causes _____. | distortion |
| What SID should be used for lumbar projections and why? | 48" to open joint spaces |
| Where should the CR enter for AP l-spine of lumbar only? | 1.5" above iliac crest |
| When performing PA oblique l-spine, where should the CR enter? | on elevated side, 2" lateral to spinous process |
| Lateral bending films of lumbar spine are performed for what 4 reasons? | show disk protrusion show spinal fusion show mobility of intervertebral joints for scoliosis studies |
| The eye of the "scottie dog" corresponds to ____. | the pedicle |
| The nose of the "scottie dog" corresponds to _____. | the transverse process |
| The neck of the "scottie dog" corresponds to _____. | the pars interarticularis |
| The body of the "scottie dog" corresponds to the ______. | lamina |
| Sterile gowns are considered sterile from ____. | shoulder to level of sterile field |
| Who would be included as nonsterile team members? 1) anesthesia provider 2) physician assistant 3) radiographer | 1 & 3 |
| Which procedure does not require use of sterile technique? a) angiography b) oral cholangiography c) myelography d) arthrography | b |
| Which is not a method of sterilization? a) moist heat - autoclave b) gamma radiation c) freezing d) gas sterilization | c |
| If two people in sterile gowns must pass each other, how should they do so? | back to back |
| Where should the center of the IR be position for the AP open-mouth projection? | C2 |
| Which lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP open-mouth? | line drawn from lower edge of upper incisors to top of mastoid process |
| Where should the IR be centered for the AP Fuchs method? | tip of the mastoid process |
| Where should the IR be centerd for lateral c-spine? | C4 |
| The Grandy method pertains to what projection? | lateral c-spine |
| Intervertebral foramina of the c-spine are demonstrated in which projections? | AP or PA axial oblique |
| What method uses a "chewing motion" to demonstrate the c-spine in an AP projection? | Ottonello |
| Which c-spine projection is done first on patients with trauma to the neck? | dorsal decubitus lateral (cross-table) |
| If a lead rubber strip is not placed on the table for lateral t-spine, the image may be _____. | underexposed |
| Where is the top of the IR placed for lateral c-spine? | 1" above external acoustic meatus |
| Where is the CR directed for C-spine in hyperflexion and hyperextension? | perpendicular to C4 |
| How much should the tube be angled and in which direction if the patient is unable to depress the shoulder for a swimmers projection? | 3-5 degrees caudal |
| Should a filter be used for the swimmers projection/ | yes |
| Two types of joints in the vertebral column: | intervertebral, zygapophyseal |
| lordotic | convex anteriorly |
| kyphotic | concave anteriorly |
| ____ are broad and flat and directed posteriorly and medially from the pedicles. | Lamina |
| Two main parts of typical vertebrae: | body and vertebral arch |
| Lateral masses are part of which vertebrae? | C1 |
| For the lateral sacrum the CR should be directed where and how? | perpendicular, at the level of ASIS and 3.5" posterior |
| For the lateral coccyx the CR should be directed where and how? | perpendicular, 2" below ASIS and 3.5" posterior |
| The AP axial sacrum and AP axial coccyx should both be centered at? | 2" above symphysis |
| The AP axial SI joints (Ferguson) should have the CR directed where? | 1.5" above symphysis |
| For the AP oblique SI joints where should the IR be centered? | at ASIS |
| For the AP oblique SI joints where and how should the CR be directed? | perpendicular, 1" medial to elevated ASIS |
| How many total vertebrae? | 33 early in life, 24 as adults |
| How many thoracic vertebrae? | 12 |
| The thoracic vertebral body articulates with the ___ of the rib. | head |
| The transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae articulates with the ____ of the rib. | tubercle |
| The sacroiliac joints lie at a _____ angle to MSP. | 25-30 |
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