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Rad162
Lower Limb Positioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the foot? How many tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges? | 26 bones total 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges |
| What are the two differences in the phalanges of the foot as compared with the phalanges of the hand? | they are smaller and have less joint movement |
| Which tuberosity of the foot is palpable and a common site of foot trauma? | Base of the 5th metatarsal |
| Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot most commonly located? | Plantar surface of the foot near the first MTP joint |
| What is the largest and strongest tarsal bone? | Calcaneus |
| What is the name of the joint found between the talus and calcaneus? | Talocalcaneal or Subtalar Joint |
| List the three specific articular facets found in the talocalcaneal joint. | Posterior Facet, Anterior Facet, Middle Facet |
| The small opening, or space, found in the middle of the subtalar joint is called the ___. | Sinus Tarsi |
| Forms an aspect of the ankle joint | Talus |
| The smallest of the cuneiforms | Intermediate Cuneiform |
| Found on the medial side of the foot between the talus | Navicular |
| The largest of the cuneiforms | Medial Cuneiform |
| Articulates with the second, third, and fourth metatarsal | Lateral Cuneiform |
| The most superior tarsal bone | Talus |
| Articulates with the first metatarsal | Medial Cuneiform |
| Common site for bone spurs | Calcaneus |
| A tarsal found anterior to the calcaneus and lateral to the lateral cuneiform | Cuboid |
| The second largest tarsal bone | Talus |
| True/False: The cuboid articulates with the four bones of the foot. | True |
| The calcaneus articulates with the talus and the ______. | Cuboid |
| List the two arches of the foot. | Transverse Arch and Longitudinal Arch |
| Which three bones make up the ankle joint? | Talus, Tibia, and Fibula |
| The three bones of the ankle form a deep socket into which the talus fits. This socket is called the _______. | Ankle Mortise |
| The distal tibia joint surface forming the roof of the distal ankle joint is called the : | Tibial Plafond |
| True/False: THe medial malleolus is approximately 1/2 inch (1 cm) posterior to the lateral malleolus. | False |
| The ankle joint is classified as a synovial joint with _______ type movement. | Sellar |
| The _____ is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. | Tibia |
| What is the name of the large prominence located on the midanterior surface of the proximal tibia that serves as a distal attachment for the patellar tendon? | Tibial Tuberosity |
| What is the name of the small prominence located on the posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur that is an idenifying landmark to determine possible rotation of a lateral knee? | Adductor Tubercle |
| A small, triangular depression located on the tibia that helps form the distal tibiofibular joint is called the ______. | Fibular notch |
| The articular facets of the proximal tibia are also referred to as the _____. | Tibial Plateau |
| The articular facets slope_____degrees posteriorly. | 10 to 15* |
| The most proximal aspect of the fibula is the | Apex |
| The extreme distal end of the fibula forms the | Lateral Malleolus |
| What is the name of the largest sesamoid bone in the body? | Patella |
| What are two other names for the patellar surface of the femur? | Intercondylar sulcus and Trochlear groove |
| What is the name of the depression located on the posterior aspect of the distal femur? | Intercondylar Fossa |
| Why must the central ray be angled 5 to 7 degrees cephalad for a lateral knee position? | Because the medial condyle extends lower than the lateral condyle of the femur |
| The slightly raised area located on the posterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle is called the: | Adductor Tubercle |
| What are the two palpable bony landmarks found on the distal femur? | Lateral and Medial Epicondyle |
| The general region of the posterior knee is called the: | Popliteal Region |
| True/False: Flexion of 20 degrees of the knee forces the patella firmly against the patellar surface of the femur. | False |
| True/False: The patella acts like a pivot to increase the leverage of a large muscle found in the anterior thigh. | True |
| True/False: The posterior surface of the patella is normally rough. | False |
| For which large muscle does the patella serve as a pivot to increase the leverage? | Quadriceps Femoris |
| What is the correct term for the joint between the patella and the distal femur? | Patellofemoral Joint |
| What is the correct term for the joint between the two condyles of the femur and tibia? | Femorotibial Joint |
| List the four major ligaments of the knee. | Fibular (lateral) collateral, Tibial (medial) collateral, Anterior cruciate, Posterior cruciate |
| The crescent-shaped fibrocartilage disks that act as shock absorbers in the knee joint are called_____. | Menisci |
| List the two bursae found in the knee joint. | Suprapatellar and Infrapatellar |
| The following structures are located on which bone: Tibial plafond, Medial malleolus, Articular facets, Fibular notch, and intercondyloid eminence | Tibia |
| The following structures are located on which bone: Styloid process, Neck | Fibula |
| The following structures are located on which bone: Lateral epicondyle, Patellar surface | Distal Femur |
| What joint classification or movement type is the ankle joint? | Sellar (Saddle) |
| What joint classification or movement type is the patellofemoral joint? | Sellar (Saddle) |
| What joint classification or movement type is the proximal tibiofibular joint? | Plane (Gliding) |
| What joint classification or movement type is the tarsometatarsal joint? | Plane (Gliding) |
| What joint classification or movement type is the knee joint? | Bicondylar |
| What joint classification or movement typpe is the distal tibiofibular joint? | Amphiarthrodial (Syndesmosis type) |
| Inversion (Varus) | Inward turning or bending of ankle |
| Plantar Flexion | Extending the ankle or pointing the foot and toe downward |
| Eversion (Valgus) | Outward turning or bending of ankle |
| Dorsiflexion | Decreasing the angle between the dorsum pedis and anterior lower leg |
| Exostosis | Benign, neoplastic bone lesion cause by overproduction of bone at a joint |
| Lisfranc joint injury | Injury to a large ligament located between the bases of the first and second metatarsal |
| Bone cyst | Benign, neoplastic bone lesion filled with clear fluid |
| Reiter's syndrome | Condition affecting the sacroiliac joints and lower limbs of young men, especially the posterosuperior margin of the calcaneus |
| Osteoid osteoma | Benign bone lesion usually developing in teens or young adults |
| Ewing's sarcoma | Most prevalent primary bone lesion filled with clear fluid |
| Gout | Inherited type of arthritis that commonly affects males |
| Paget's disease | Also known as osteitis deformans |
| Osgood-Schlatter disease | An inflammatory condition involving the anterior, proximal tibia |
| Chondrosarcoma | Malignant tumor of the cartilage |
| The formal name for "runner's knee" is _____. | chondromalacia patellae |
| What is another term for osteomalacia? | Rickets |
| Why is the central ray angled 10 to 15 degrees toward the calcaneus for an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the toes? | opens up the IP and MTP joint spaces |
| Where is the central ray centered for an AP oblique projection of the foot? | Base of the 3rd metatarsal |
| Which projection is best for demonstrating the sesamoid bones of the foot? | Tangential projection |
| The foot should be dorsiflexd so that the plantar surface of the foot is ____ for the sesamoid projection. | 15 to 20 degrees |
| Why should the central ray be perpendicular to the metatarsals for an AP projection of the foot? | opens up MTP joints and certain intertarsal joints |
| If a foreign body is lodged in the plantar surface of the foot, which type of central ray angle should be used for the AP projection? | None. Use perpendicular CR |
| Rotation can be determined on a radiograph of an AP foot projection by the near-equal distance between the _____ metatarsals. | Second to fifth |
| Which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the majority of the tarsal bones? | AP oblique with medial rotation |
| Which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the navicular and the first and second cuneiforms with minimal superimposition? | AP oblique with lateral rotation |
| Which projection tends to place the foot into a truer lateral position: meidolateral or lateromedial? | Lateromedial |
| Which type of study should be performed to best evaluate the condition of the longitudinal arches of the foot? | AP and weight-bearing projections |
| How should the central ray be angled from the long axis of the plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus? | 40 degrees cephalad |
| Which calcaneal structure should appear medially on a well-positioned plantodorsal projection? | Sustentaculum tali |
| Where is the central ray placed for a lateral projection of the calcaneus? | 1 and 1/2 inches (4cm) inferior to the medial malleolus |
| Which joint surface of the ankle is not typically visualized with a correctly positioned AP projection of the ankle? | Lateral surface of joint |
| Why should AP, 45 degree oblique, and lateral ankle radiographs include the proximal metatarsals? | To demonstrate a possible fracture of the fifth metatarsal tuberosity |
| How much (if any) should the foot and ankle be rotated for an AP mortise projection of the ankle? | 15 to 20 degrees medially |
| Which projection of the ankle best demonstrates a possible fracture of a lateral malleolus? | 45 degree AP oblique with medial rotation |
| With a true lateral projectiion of the ankle the medial malleolus is: | Projected over the posterior aspect of the distal tibia |
| Which projections of the ankle require forced inversion and eversion movements? | AP stress projections |
| What is the basic positioning routine for a study of the tibia and fibula? | AP and Lateral |
| Why is it important to include the knee joint for an initial study of tibia trauma, even if the patient's symptoms involve the middle and distal aspect? | To rule out a break on the proximal end |
| To include both joints for a lateral projection of the tibia and fibula for an adult, the technologist may place the cassette ____ in relation to the part. | Diagonally |
| What is the recommended CR angulation for an AP projection of the knee for a patient with thick thighs and buttocks? | 3 to 5 degrees cephalad |
| Which basic projection of the knee best demonstrates the proximal fibula free from superimposition? | AP oblique, 45 degree medial rotation |
Created by:
danielle89
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