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Radiology physics
physics 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The atomic mass for any element is: | Equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. |
| If an atom has16 protons and 16 electrons, how many electrons are orbiting in the M shell? | 6 |
| What is true about isotopes? | An isotope has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
| What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? | As wavelength increases, frequency decreases. |
| What are the atomic particles that carry an electrical charge? | Protons and electrons |
| The atomic number given to an element is: | The sum of the number of protons in the nucleus. |
| The one property that is common with all of the energies found in the electromagnetic spectrum is: | Velocity |
| The octet rule states that any atom cannot have more than 8 orbiting shells. | False |
| Using the formula 2 x N squared and given that the M shell of the electron orbit has the number 3 (N). How many electrons will occupy this shell if it is not the outermost shell? | 18 |
| A proton is roughly _____ times larger than an electron. | 1800 |
| There are two forces, the first is the attractive electrostatic force and that pulls the electron towards the nucleus and the _____ pulls the electron away from the nucleus and prevents the electron from moving closer to the nucleus. | Centrifugal forcce |
| When 2 or more atoms are chemically united, they form a/an: | Molecule |
| One kilogram is equal to: | 1000 cubic centimeters of water at 0 C. |
| The current model of the atom that is considered most representative to the structure of matter is the: | Bohr model |
| Nucleons consist of: | Protons and Neutrons |
| The binding energy that holds an electron in its shell around an atom: | Increases as you get closer to the nucleus, and is higher in electrons from higher atomic numbers than from lower atomic numbers |
| What is the maximum number of electrons that can orbit in the P-shell if the P-shell is not the outermost shell of that atom? | 72 |
| X-ray wavelengths are measured in: | angstroms |
| If the N shell of an electron orbit is the outermost shell, what is the maximum number of electrons that you will find in that shell? | 8 |
| In the United States, the standard current that comes into our homes is: | AC |
| Increasing the temperature in a circuit also increases the: | Resistance |
| Increases in Resistance in a circuit can be from: | Increase conductor length, decrease diameter of tube, increase in temperature. |
| Which of the following metals makes a better conductor? Gold, Silver, Al | Gold |
| What is the unit of Power | The Watt |
| 1 Watt is produced by | 1 ampere flowing with a pressure of one volt. |
| What is the equation for computing Watts | P = V x I |
| The Watts on the primary side of the of the transformer has to equal the watts on the secondary side. T/F | True |
| One kilovolt equals how many volts | 1000 |
| What is the resistance of a circuit if the voltage is 24 V and the current is 60 amperes? | .4 |
| What is voltage if the current is 30 amperes and the resistance is 10? | 300 volts |
| What is the amperage if you have 20 kilovolts and a resistance of 30. | 666.67 |
| What is the resistance if you have 40 volts and 40 milliamps? | 1,000 ohms |
| How many milliamps are in an Ampere | 1,000 |
| ______ is the force or electrical pressure that produces electron movement and current flow. | Voltage |
| The greatest concentration of charge in a solid metallic wire will be: | On the outside surface at an area of sharpest curvature. |
| One ampere is equal to ______. | 1 coulomb flowing per second |
| 66 kilovolts carrying 500 amperes will have a resistance of: | 132 ohms |
| Increasing the length of a conductor will also increase: | Resistance |
| According to ohm’s law, the current in a circuit with 120 volts and a resistance of 5 ohms is: | 24 ampere |
| According to the Laws of Electrostatics, unlike charges will repel one another. | False |
| Unlike charges ____ each other | Attract |
| What is the unit of current? | Ampere |
| A semiconductor can be classified as: | A conductor and an insulator |
| If the electricity to your home costs $.75 per kilowatt hour and you operate a 2000 watt vacuum cleaner for 30 minutes, what is your cost for this period of time? | $.75 |
| Charges will tend to reside on the external surface of a conductor. T/F | True |
| Electric power (the watt) is determined by the formula: | Volts multiplied by amperes equals watts |
| If a cicuit is carrying 500 volts and has a resistance of 1 ohm, the amperage in this circuit is 500 T/F | True |
| Objects can be electrified by one of three methods. What are these methods | Friction, Contact, Induction |
| Resistance is: | Increased when the conductor diameter gets smaller. |
| According to ohm’s law, the current in a circuit with 10,000 volts and a resistance of 50 ohms is: | 200 |
| The relationship between current and a changing magnetic field is called: | Electromagnetic induction |
| An autotransformer operates on mutual induction. | False |
| What type of transformer runs on Self Induction | Autotransformer |
| It is possible to step-up both the voltage and amperage together with a transformer. T/F | False |
| . If a transformer has 400 coils on the primary side and 200 coils on the secondary side, this type of transformer is a: | Step Down |
| If you Increase voltage from the primary side to the secondary side of the transformer it is a ___ transformer | Step Up |
| Which of the following types of materials has high permeability? | Ferromagnetic |
| A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy is called a/an: | Generator |
| A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical is called a/an: | Motor |
| The type of transformer that can both increase and decrease a voltage in a circuit is known as a/an: | autotransfomer |
| You have a current of 100 volts and 2 amperes on the primary side of your autotransformer. In order to get 10 amperes on the secondary side of your transformer, you must _______ the voltage to ______ volts. | step-down, 20 |
| A series of coils of wire within proximity of each other will create a combined magnetic field that can be used as a tool. This device is known as a _______. | Solenoid |
| If the current on the primary side of your step-down transformer is 10,000 volts and the current on the secondary side is 500 volts, how many coils are located in the secondary side if the primary side of the transformer has 100 coils? | 5 |
| . A device that can take a DC current and turn it on and off several times per second in order to create an AC current is called a/an: | Inverter |
| A device that is used in portable x-ray machines that can accumulate and store an electrical charge is a/an: | Capacitor |
| Rectification of AC current is necessary for: | Changing the current from AC to DC for devices like x-ray tubes and televisions. |
| Groups of atoms with their magnetic moments or net magnetic field in the same direction are known as: | dipoles |
| If a material has high permeability (easily magnetized), it will have ______ retentivity. | Low Retentivity |
| Permeability and Retentivity are ____ proportional to each other | Inversely |
| The input watts on the primary side of a transformer should equal the output watts on the secondary side of that transformer. | True |
| The type of magnet that is produced by heating an alloy within a strong magnetic field is: | Artificial Permanent |
| Holding a stationary conductor in a stationary electric field will produce a current in that conductor.t/f | False |
| . If a transformer has an input of 200 V and 40 amps on the primary side, the output in watts on the secondary side will be: | 8000 W |
| Half wave rectification of the power coming into an x-ray machine will utilize only 50% of the incoming power.T/F | True |
| What is the cost to run your hairdryer if it uses 1500 watts and you operate it for 15 minutes. The electric co charges you 80 cents per kilowatt hour? | .30 cents |
| The speed in which the incident electrons attain before reaching the anode target is approximately: | Half the speed of light |
| The type of personnel monitoring device that can measure exposures as low as 1 mrem and can detect whether an exposure was dynamic or static is: | OSL |
| Beta particles are identical to ______ except for their origin. | electrons |
| Which of the following movements of orbiting electrons is the only one that will produce a photon in the diagnostic range? | O shell to K shell |
| At a setting of 68 kVp with a tungsten anode, the percentage of your beam is composed of characteristic x-rays is: | Zero |
| Tungsten atoms have ___ electrons orbiting their nuclei. | 74 |
| The type of radiation that is produced by an incident electron interacting with the nuclei of a target atom is: | Bremsstruhlung |
| The most common type of personnel monitoring device used in Radiology is the: | OSL |
| If an x-ray tube uses a molybdenum anode, the K-shell Characteristic peak is about: | 18 keV |
| The type of field survey instrument that is only good at detecting particulate radiations and does not provide measurement of exposure is the: | Geiger-Mueller survey instrument |
| If during a procedure, a patient's skin started turning red from a prolonged exposure, this would be considered a _______ effect. | Somatic |
| As the kinetic energy of the incident electrons increases, so does: | The efficiency in which photons are produced. |
| An alpha particle is composed of : | Two protons and two neutrons. |
| The binding energy of a O shell electron in a tungsten atom is: | 0.08 keV |
| The atomic number for Beryillium is | 4 |
| If the leakage radiation measured at 2 meters from the tube housing is 80 mR/hr, what is it if it's measured at 1 meter from the housing? | 320 mR/hr |
| Total filtration is a combination of | inherent filtration and added filtration. |
| . A technique used at 40" will need to be increased by a factor of ____ if the distance is doubled. | 4 |
| A technique of 75 kVp at 24 mAs W/ 80" SID needs to be changed to an SID of 20”. Your new technique should be: | 75 kVp at 1.5 mAs |
| Most of the exposure to film when using a film/screen combination is a result from the production of: | Light |
| The prime factors that control quantity and are controlled by the technologist are | mAs, kVp, and distance |
| A known technique of 110 kVp and 8 mAs worked well for a chest x-ray done at 40" on a large patient. If the distance needed to be increased to 66", your new technique should be 110 kVp at ____ mAs. | 22 mAs |
| Which of the following techniques will equal a change in density by a factor of 4 by employing the 15% rule? Your original technique was 80 kVp at 8 mAs. | 106 kVp at 8 mAs |
| The Reciprocity Law basically states that any combination of mA and time that equal the same mAs will create the same density on a radiograph when all other factors are the same. | True |
| When using a compensating filter, the thinnest part of the filter should be in-line with the thickest part of the body part.T/F | True |
| To reduce the attenuation of soft x-rays, mammography tubes use: | A Beryillium window on the tube housing. |
| The atomic # for Al is: | 13 |
| 15% of 48 is: | 7.2 |
| A good technique done at 60" is 85 kVp at 8 mAs. If you were to decrease your distance to 40" and not change the kVp, your new mAs should be: | 3.5 mAs |
| All diagnostic x-ray machines must have a minimum filtration of: | 2.5mm al/Eq |
| When altering techniques for increases or decreases in density, the primary controller of x-ray intensity is kVp and the 15% rule should be employed before changing the mAs.T/F | False |
| When added filtration is added to the beam, what happens to the average energy of the beam on the emission spectrum? | The average energy of the beam increases. |
| Which of the following equations would you use to compute the difference in intensity of electromagnetic radiations, when measured at different distances, when a known intensity exists? | I2 =I1(d1/d2)squared |
| The type of interaction that produces two photons of 0.51 Megavolts is: | Pair Production |
| The Characteristic cascade is an event that is associated with which type of interaction? | Photoelectric |
| Which of the following interactions increases as kVp increases? | Comptons |
| The kind of interaction that excites the nucleus and causes a nuclear fragment to be released is known as: | photodisinigration |
| Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen all have K-shell binding energies of: | Less than 1 keV |
| During a Compton's interaction, when a photon strikes an electron and reverses direction back towards the source is called: | Back scatter |
| When just comparing body tissues, soft tissues interactions are about 50/50 Compton's and Photoelectric at about: | 26 keV |
| During a compton's interaction, the incident photon will continue on after the interaction in another direction with a higher frequency and shorter wavelength.T/F | False |
| In the diagnostic imaging range, most of the photons that strike the patient are: | Attenuated |
| With photoelectric interactions, the secondary photons produced when radiating Barium and Iodine will have higher frequencies than when x-raying only soft tissue of the body. T/F | True |
| Which two of the following interactions ARE NOT of significance in diagnostic radiology? Coherent | Pair Production |
| The type of interaction that involves an outer shell electron, an incident photon and causes scatter radiation that is ionizing to the patient and anyone else standing nearby is: | Comptons |
| As kVp increases the total number of photons that are transmitted without interactions _______. | Increases |
| Higher kVp and low mAs will cause less patient dose than low kVp and high mAs.T/F | True |
| What is the unit of mass | Kilogram |
| 1 kilogram equals ___grams | 1,000 |
| When two or more atoms are chemically united they form a : | Molecule |
| Which attraction is of water is the weakest: Ice, gas/steam, or liquid | gas/steam |
| What is the unit of energy | The Joule |
| What is a nucleon? | A proton and nucleus |
| What is a quark? | subnuclear structures in protons and neutrons |
| What contains no charge and is thought of to be electronically neutral? | neutron |
| The number of protons and the number of neutrons are equal in a ____ atom | Neutral |
| If an atom gains or loses neutrons it becomes an___ | isotope |
| If an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes an___ | ion |
| When an electron is added to an atom it becomes ____ ion | negative |
| When an electron is taken away from an atom it becomes a more ____ ion | positive |
| What are the two opposing forces that contribute to the stability of an electrons orbit: | The attractive electrostatic force and The centrifugal force |
| What formula can you use to determine the maximum number of electrons that can orbit each shell? | 2n^2 |
| What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the L shell? | 8 |
| What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the Q shell? | 98 |
| What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the N shell? | 32 |
| The x-ray energy must be ____ than the binding energy of the electron in order for ionization to occur. | greater |
| Electrical energy or electricity is the result of the movement of electrons. T/F | True |
| Gamma rays originate from: | the nucleus of a radioactive material |
| x-rays originate in an : | x-ray tube |
| If the frequency of an x-rays doubled, the energy is ____ | doubled |
| Only negative charges move along solid conductors. T/F | True |
| objects can be electrified by three methods: | Friction, Contact, Induction |
| what are the materials that easily permit electrons to flow facilitate the movement of electrons | conductors and superconductors |
| Nonconducting materials are _____ | insulators |
| Electrons move from an are of ____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration | High, low |
| DC current comes from a continuous source such as a battery, T/F | True |
| What is the unit of current | The ampere |
| 1 Amp = | 1coloumb/per second |
| What is the unit of resistance | The ohm |
| What is the amperage in a circuit of 20 V and 10 ohms? | 2 |
| Let's do another one: what is the voltage in a circuit of 100 amperes and 5 ohms? | 500 |
| What is the resistance in a circuit of 80 kilovolts and 200 mA? | 400,000 ohms |
| what is the power rating, in kilowatts, of an x-ray generator capable of 800 mA at 100 kV? | 80,000 watts or 80 kilowatts |
| In nonmagnetic objects the magnetic dipoles are randomly arranged, essentially canceling out each other. T/F | True |
| The force fields that are created when magnetic dipoles orient to create a magnet are called lines of ____, lines of ____ or the _____ | force, flux,magnetic field |
| The SI unit for magnetic flux is the ___ | Weber |
| _____are created when iron oxide remains in the earth's magnetic field for ages, slowly orienting the magnetic dipoles in the same direction. | Natural magnet (lodestones) |
| ____ are temporary magnets produced by moving or changing electric current. | electromagnets |
| When a non-magnetized iron bar is brought within the lines of force of a strong magnet, the dipoles will temporarily align themselves with the lines of force passing through the iron bar, this describes ___ | magnetic induction |
| Adding ferromagnetic materials _____magnetivity | increases |
| _____are actually weakly repelled by all magnetic fields, including both North and South Poles. water is slightly ____ | diamagnetic |
| ____ have low permeability and weak attraction to magnetic fields. This includes ____ & ____ | Paramagnetic, Aluminum & Platinum |
| Nonmagnetic materials consist of | plastic, wood,glass and rubber |
| if a transformer is supplied with 400 V to the primary coil, has 100 turns of wire on the primary coil, and 20,000 turns of wire on the secondary coil, what will the voltage be in the secondary coil? | 80,000 V |
| If a transformer has 120 turns of wire on the primary coil, 80 V in the primary coil, and 120 V in the secondary coil, how many turns of wire must there be in the secondary coil? | 180 |
| Transformers can only work on ____ current | Alternating current |
| if you are using a step up transformer that has 200 V and 16 amps on the primary side and on the secondary side you have 800 V, what is the amperage on the secondary side of this step up transformer? | 4 |
| what is the dmf | New mas = old mas (D2/D1)^2 |
| What is the inverse square law | New intensity = old intensity (D1/D2)^2 |
| What is the transformer law | V2/V1= N2/N1 |
| What is ohms law? | V=IxR |
| What is the Atomic number of carbon? | C 6 |
| What is the Atomic number of oxygen | O 8 |
| What is the Atomic number of molybdenum | Mo 42 |
| What is the Atomic number of Calcium | Ca 20 |
| What is the Atomic number of radon | Rn 86 |
| What is the Atomic number of barium | Ba 56 |
| What is the Atomic number of aluminum | Al 1 |
| What is the Atomic number of iodine | I 53 |
| What is the Atomic number of lead | Pb 82 |
| What is the Atomic number of tungsten | W 74 |
| If your beam energy is 70 kvp or above how much of your beam is composed of Characteristic and Bremsstruhlung | 69 & below = 100% Brehmsstruhlung 70 & above = 10-20% Characteristic & 80-90% Bremsstruhlung |
| How many centimeters equals an inch? | 2.5 |
| 1 cm equals how many mm and meters? | 10 mm or 1/100 meter |
| Nearly all x-ray equipment operates from incoming line of _____ | 210-220 volts. |
| 26. How many pulses will you get using a single phase half-wave rectified wave form vs. a full-wave rectified waveform? | With single-phase half-wave rectification, photon production starts and stops 60 times a second. Productive 50% of the time. Full-wave rectification starts and stops 120 times a second but is producing photons almost 100% of the time. |
| Generators must terminate the exposure at ___mAs for exposures above 50 KVP | 600 mAs |
| Generators must terminate the exposure at ____ mAs for exposures below 50 KVP. | 2000 mAs |
| What is the only part of the cathode or anode that is located outside the glass envelope. | stator |
| Wavelengths are measured in? | Angstrom |
| If you increase frequency you are ____ wavelength | decreasing |
| A filament is composed of? | a small coil of thin thoriated tungsten wire |
| What is a focusing cup made out of? | nickel |
| What is the binding energy of a k shell electron in a tungsten atom? | 69.5 kev |
| 110 volts x 3 amps = | 330 watts |
| what are the two types of currents used in our homes and appliances? | AC & DC |
| What is the device used to increase or decrease the voltage and amperage in an alternating current | transformer |
| a full wave rectified current will turn on and off ___ times per second | 120 |
| The current that passes through the x-ray tube is ___ | DC |
| What carries more amperage; tube current or filament | filament current |
| in older machines, valve tubes were used to... | rectify an ac current |
| 80 kv and 200 mA = ____ ohms | 400,000 |
| if there are more coils on the secondary side of a transformer it is a ____ ___ transformer | Step Up |
| Is the conversion of voltage in a transformer proportional to the ratio of coils? | yes |
| What is the unit of measurement for large magnets? | Tesla |
| What is the unit of measurement for small magnets? | gauss |
| 1 tesla = ____ gauss | 10,000 |
| What kind of x-ray tube can pulse the beam? | Grid controlled/grid biased tube |
| What do you call the electromagnets that drive the rotor? | Stators |
| The anode target is backed by what heat resistant metal? | Molybdenum |
| If an exposure takes 1 full second on a 100 speed film cassette how long will it take on a 400 speed if the mAs stay the same? | .25 or 1/4th the speed |
| Hand x-ray used 55 kvp @ mAs on a 400 speed cassette. What if I used a 200 speed cassette. 55 kvp @ ___ mAs | 4 |
| single phase machine. 6 exposures of 80 kvp @ 32 mAs = ___ HU | 15,360 |
| If you have 100 mR/HR of leakage radiation at 1 meter from your tube how much do you have at 2000 millimeters? | 25 mR/HR |
| If you have 50 mR/HR of leakage radiation at 100 cm from your tube how much do you have at 50 cm? | 200 mR/HR |
| 400 mA at 1/5th a second = ___ mAs | 80 mAs |
| 300 mA for 1.25 seconds = ___ mAs | 375 |
| 500 mAs for 1/10th of a second = ____ mAs | 50 |
| 800 mA for .001 seconds = ____ mAs | .8 mAs |
| High frequency (1.40) 5 exp. of 90 kvp @ 24 mAs + 3 exp. of 75 kVp @ 40 mAs | 27,720 |
| 3phase (1.35) 7 exp. of 65 kVp at 10 mAs + 7 exp. of 76 kVp @ 12 mAs | 14,760.9 |
| If a single photon has 41 keV of energy is it Bremsstruhlung or Characteristic? | Bremsstruhlung |
| What is the maximum characteristic photon (keV) produced by a tungsten target | 69.5 |
| Which end of the tube is positive and which end is negative? | anode, cathode |
| What does OSL stand for? | Optically stimulated luminescence |
| Ring badges are TLDs or OSLs | TLDS |
| Film Badges are TLDs or OSLs | OSLs |
| AC current in the US flows at a rate of ___ Hertz | 60 |
| If an atom has 6 electrons and is not a positive ion, then the atomic number of that atom is __ | 6 |
| Odontoids use 74 kVp at 20 mAs at 40". How much would you use if your SID was 12" | 1.8 mAs |
| 60 mAs at 36" will create the same density as ____ mAs at 72" | 240 |
| If you increase your SID from 40" to 72" you will need to increase your mAs by ___ times | 3.24 |
| You produce a good xray at 40" using 66 kVp at 10 mAs. What mAs should you use if this was done at 60"? | 22.5 mAs |
| You produce a light xray and discover that your SID was 56" instead of 40". Since technique was 75 kVp at 32 mAs, what should you have used? | 62.72 |
| 100 cm is approximately ____ inches | 40 |
| If you want to increase your density by a factor of 4, you can accomplish this by reducing your SID by | half |
| The two most common grid errors are: | Off level and Off Center |
| Employing use of Grid ____ patient Dose | Increases |
| You can use an angle on a grid if you ____ | Angle the beam with the grid lines |
| Shoulder with a 6:1 grid was 18mAs. How much without a grid. | 6 mAs |
| Pelvis without a grid was 10 mAs, how much would you use with a 8:1 grid. | 40 mAs |
| Grid lines are 2mm high and the interspace is .25 wide. What is the ratio? | 8:1 |
| Linear focused Grid cannot be used ____ | Upside down |
| This grid has lines in two different directions | Cross-hatched |
| Converting data back into analog information for viewing on a monitor requires the information to be passed through the | DAC (digital to analog converter) |
| Image transmission within a hospital happens via the ______ | Intranet |
| Conversion of an image into digital data requires the use of the: | ACD (analog to digital converter) |
| If you needed to 'complete' an exam, which of the following programs would you access an order to do this? (HIS, RIS, HL-7, PACS) | RIS |
| The heart of a PACS system is a high-end computer or server. (T/F) | True |
| One advantage that digital mammography has over conventional film mammography is | (CAD) Computer Aided Diagnosis |
| Two popular types of compression used to send images quickly are: | Lossy & Lossless |
| CR and DR systems actually had better spatial resolution than Conventional film systems. (T/F) | False, They have worse, but can make it up via post-processing |
| If you needed to view a patient's History and Physical(H&P) report, you would find this in: | HIS |
| DICOM is used to send images to and from PACS. What is the software used to send text between the RIS and HIS? | HL-7 |
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