click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
RADT308-Intro to rad
Covers first unit of positioning for radiology students
Question | Answer |
---|---|
35 x 43 cm is also known as what field size? | 14x17 |
24 x 30 cm is also known as what field size | 10x12 |
30 x 35 cm is also known as what field size | 11x14 |
____________ is the patient dose category that has the highest numerical value | skin entrance exposure |
cardinal principles of radiation protection | time, distance, shielding |
Annual effective dose limit for a technologist for whole body exposure | 5 rem |
unit of radiation exposure in air | roentgen |
unit of patient radiation exposure | rad |
unit of occupational exposure | rem |
unit of radioactivity | curie |
reduction in the x-ray intensity due to scattering and absorption | attenuation |
____________ is the patient dose category that has the highest numerical value | skin entrance exposure |
cardinal principles of radiation protection | time, distance, shielding |
Annual effective dose limit for a technologist for whole body exposure | 5 rem |
Imaging modality utilizing phosphor imaging plates that must be processed in a separate device | computed radiography |
unit of radiation exposure in air | roentgen |
unit of patient radiation exposure | rad |
unit of occupational exposure | rem |
The amount of the imaging plate that must be exposed when using CR | 30% |
unit of radioactivity | curie |
xray energy/quality | kV |
xray quantity/intensity | mAs |
basic structural unit of all living tissue | cell |
reduction in the x-ray intensity due to scattering and absorption | attenuation |
these combine to form tissues | cells |
ALARA stands for | as low as reasonably achievable |
four types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
PACS stands for | picture archival communication system |
these combine to form organs | tissues |
these combine to form systems | organs |
type of digital imaging that utilizes DELs to directly capture and transform x-ray photons into a digital image | flat panel detector (FPD) or TFT arrays |
these combine to form an organism | systems |
The amount of the imaging plate that must be exposed when using CR | 30% |
four functions of the skeletal system | support and protect, allow movement, produce blood cells, store calcium |
CR imaging plates are _____ (more/less) sensitive to scatter than | more |
study of bones | osteology |
exposure factor primarily controls the number of photons in an x-ray beam | mAs |
study of joints | arthrology |
system that distributes oxygen to cells and transports wastes from cells | circulatory |
primarily controls the contrast of a radiograph (analog imaging) | kV |
system responsible for absorption of nutrients and elimiation of solid waste | digestive |
basic structural unit of all living tissue | cell |
these combine to form tissues | cells |
system that regulates chemical composition of blood and eliminates waste products | urinary |
four types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
system that reproduces the organism | reproductive |
these combine to form organs | tissues |
system that regulates body activities | nervous |
these combine to form systems | organs |
system that allows for movement, maintains posture and produces heat | muscular |
these combine to form an organism | systems |
four functions of the skeletal system | support and protect, allow movement, produce blood cells, store calcium |
system that protects the body and eliminates waste through perspiration | integumentary |
number of bones in the adult human body | 206 |
all bones that lie in or near the central axis of the body | axial |
study of bones | osteology |
all bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdle | appendicular |
study of joints | arthrology |
type of bone that has a body and two ends | long |
system that distributes oxygen to cells and transports wastes from cells | circulatory |
system responsible for absorption of nutrients and elimiation of solid waste | digestive |
type of bone that is found in the skull, sternum, rib and scapula | flat |
system that supplies oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide | respiratory |
process of bone development | ossification |
system that regulates chemical composition of blood and eliminates waste products | urinary |
primary center for bone growth | diaphysis |
secondary center | epipysis |
system that reproduces the organism | reproductive |
system that regulates body activities | nervous |
joint structure classification of being held together by fibrous tissue | fibrous |
system that allows for movement, maintains posture and produces heat | muscular |
joint structure classification of being held together by cartilage | cartilaginous |
system that regulates body hormones | endocrine |
joint structure classification by which the joint is incased in a synovial fluid capsule | synovial |
system that protects the body and eliminates waste through perspiration | integumentary |
joint function classification of immovable | synarthroidal |
all bones that lie in or near the central axis of the body | axial |
joint function classification of limited movement | amphiarthroidial |
all bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdle | appendicular |
joint function classification of freely moveable | diarthrodial |
type of bone that has a body and two ends | long |
type of bone that is cuboidal | short |
type of bone that is found in the skull, sternum, rib and scapula | flat |
peculiar shaped bones | irregular |
process of bone development | ossification |
primary center for bone growth | diaphysis |
secondary center | epipysis |
cartilage plate that is present until bone growth is complete | epipyseal plate |
joint structure classification of being held together by fibrous tissue | fibrous |
joint structure classification of being held together by cartilage | cartilaginous |
joint structure classification by which the joint is incased in a synovial fluid capsule | synovial |
joint function classification of immovable | synarthroidal |
joint function classification of limited movement | amphiarthroidial |
joint function classification of freely moveable | diarthrodial |
refers to the cnter-most portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube | central ray |
radiographs are displayed in this position | anatomic |
imaging plane dividing left from right | sagittal |
imaging plane dividing superior from inferior | transverse, horizontal or axial |
imaging plane dividing anterior from posterior | coronal |
another term for posterior | dorsal |
another term for anterior | ventral |
the top of the foot is known as the ______ | dorsum or dorsal surface |
the sole of the foot is known as the _____ | plantar surface |
Patient lying face up on the imaging table | supine |
patient lying face down on the imaging table | pronde |
patient lying down | recumbent |
patient laying on side on imaging table | lateral recumbent |
upright position | erect |
recumbent position with head lower than feet | trendelenburg |
recumbent position with feet lower than head | fowler's |
recumbent oblique position with patient on left side with right knee and thigh flexed | Sim's |
recumbent position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally supported by ankle supports | lithotomy |
patient lying supine with horizontal beam | dorsal decubitis |
patient lying on left side with horizontal beam | left lateral decubitis |
patient lying on right side with horizontal beam | right lateral decubitis |
patient lying prone with horizontal beam | ventral decubitis |
projection of CR where the beam enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface | PA |
projection of the CR whereby the beam enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface | AP |
projection of the CR whereby the beam enters the medial surface and exits the lateral surface | mediolateral |
projection of the CR whereby the beam enters the lateral surface and exits the medial surface | lateromedial |
projection of the CR that possesses an angle of 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body or part | axial |
projection of the CR that merely skims a body part to project it into profile and away from other body structures | tangential |
projection of the CR that enters below the chin and exits the vertex | submentovertex (SMV) |
toward the center | medial |
away from center | lateral |
near source or beginning | proximal |
away from source or beginning | distal |
to angle towards the head | cephalad |
to angle towards the feet | caudal |
turn body part on its axis | rotate |
slanting movement with respect ot long axis | tilt |
minimum number of markers that must be on every radiographic image | two |
what type of markers must be on every radiographic image | patient ID, anatomic side |
exceptions to the minimum two projections rule of positioning | protable chest, ap abdomen, ap pelvis |
minimum number of projections for positioning and radiographic imaging | two |
minimum number of projections for positioning when joints are involved | three |
long bones (forearm, humerus, femur, hips, tib fib) typically require how many projections? | two |
terminates the exposure when sufficient radiation has reached the ionization chamber | AEC |
overall amount of blackness on a radiograph (analog imaging) | density |
small oval shaped bones found in tendons | sesmoid |
examples of synovial joints | hip, elbow, radioulnar, intermetacarpal, intercarpal, interphalangeal, shoulder, knee, TMJ, ankle |
to turn palm facing up | supination |
to turn palm facing down | pronation |
foriegn body imaging exams require how many projections (minimum) | two |
Increasing kV by 15% will have the same effect as doubling the mAs. This is known as what rule? | 15% rule |
the amount of time generally used in diagnostic radiography for the exposure of an image is in what measurement unit? | milliseconds |
positioning an AP thoracic spine with the superior aspect under the anode side of the x-ray tube is utilizing the _______________. | anode heel effect |
low kV gives you this scale of contrast (analog imaging) | short |
high kV gives you this scale of contrast (analog imaging) | long |
short scale contrast is also known as _____ contrast. | high |
long scale contrast is also known as _____ contrast. | low |
spatial resolution is most directly affected by what? | focal spot size or matrix/pixel size |
shorter SID will ______ distortion | increase |
ability of a digital imaging system to distinguish between similar tissues | contrast resolution |
bit depth is related to ____ of an image | contrast resolution |
number of x-rays that strike an image receptor | signal |
random disturbance that oscures or reduces clarity | noise |
intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the monitor | brightness |
a high SNR will have _____ noise | less |
signal (receptor exposure) is controlled greatly by this | mAs |
_____ refers to an image receptor aligned crosswise to the anatomy | landscape |
_____ refers to an image receptor aligned lengthwise to the anatomy | portrait |
filters out a portion of the primary beam toward the thin or less dense part of the body being imaged | compensating filter |
used to absorb scatter photons that we don't want on the image | grid |
the grid must remain completely ______ to the x-ray beam path | perpendicular |
type of grid that has a specified SID to be used with it | focused |
reason for grid cutoff with a loss of receptor exposure at the periphery of the image | upside-down grid |
two types of motion | voluntary, involuntary |
type of motion controlled by the patient | voluntary |
a numeric value that is representative of the exposure an image receptor received in digital imaging | exposure index |
Cumulative dose limit for occupationally exposed workers | 1 rem x age |
general population dose limit | 0.1 rem |
minimum lead equivalent thickness worn during a fluoroscopy procedure | 0.5 mm |