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Biochemistrytest1
biochem
Question | Answer |
---|---|
HbA1 | normal adult hemoglobin - a heterotetramer |
HbS | sickle cell hemoglobin Glu replaced by Val in the B chain |
Chaperones | helps refold newly synthesized proteins and misfolded proteins. |
Cis-trans-prolpyl isomerases | interconvert cis and trans peptide bonds of proline residues. |
Protein disulfide isomerases | catalyze breakage and formation of disulfide cysteine bonds |
heat shock proteins(Hsp) | help refold proteins that heat has misfolded them(powered by ATP) |
glycosylation | carbohydrates |
hydroxylation | hydroxyl groups |
phosphorylation | phosphoryl groups |
methylation | methyl groups |
proteolysis | cleaving protein chain |
specific sequence glycosylated is | Asn-X-Thr/Ser |
N-linked glycosylation occurs at | cotranslationally |
O-linked glycosylation occurs later in the | Golgi apparatus postranslational |
Mannose 6-phosphate determines the lysosomal destination | targeting of enzymes to lysosomes |
insulin are produced in the | pancreatic islet cells |
The A-chain of insulin begins with | Gly |
The B-chain of insulin beings with | Phe |
Procollagens contain the repeating tripeptide sequence | Gly-X-Y several hundred times. |
Desmosine cross-link contains | three allysines and one lysine |
PEST protieins(rich in P,E,S and T) | are also rapidly degraded. |
Calpains involves | perform limited proteolysis |
Caspases involves | apoptosis(programmed cell death) can activate cysteine aspartyl proteases |
proteasome | degrades cell proteins that are marked for degradtion by ubiquitination or other means |
lysosomes | organelle rich in hydrolytic enzymes for degrading and recycling unneeded cell components |