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Biochem Review
Survey of Biochemistry Midterm Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macromolecules are made up of: | Subunits |
| Only 1 of these starches is created by animals: | Glycogen |
| What form of glucose is ultimately used in glycolysis? | ß-D-glucose |
| The difference between an alpha and a beta conformation is called: | Chirality |
| True or False: Both glucose and fructose FLIP between a ring and a chain structure in (a water) solution. | True |
| An oligosaccharide is defined as: | Composed of 3-10 subunits of sugar monomers |
| The link between two sugar monomers is called a: | glycosidic bond |
| True or False: Polysaccharides can have only ONE type of monomer in the molecule. | False |
| True or False: Only prokaryotes use glycolysis for breaking down sugar. | False |
| Glycolysis prepares sugars for: | Entry into the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle (and Oxidative Phosphorylation) |
| Celluar respiration has two types. What are they? | Anaerobic and aerobic |
| True or False: Catabolized lipids and proteins can be used to generate ATP. | True |
| Glycolysis produces: | Pyruvic acid, NADH and ATP |
| True or False: Carbohydrates are the most common fuel for glycolysis, Krebs, oxidative phosphorylation. | True! |
| Which organism has its genetic material free floating and tethered within the cytoplasm? | Bacteria (and what else?) |
| Which is NOT true of eukaryotes? | They are always unicellular |
| Which is NOT true of cell membranes? | They are primary composed of proteins. (lipids is the correct answer) |
| Which one of the following is NOT embedded in the plasma membrane? | Mitochondrion (it's not even a macromolecule: it's an organelle) |
| True or False: Active transport uses ATP to move molecules across cell membranes. | True |
| The primary function of the mitochondrion as an organelle is: | To manufacture ATP |
| The nucleus of the cell does NOT contain: | Golgi complex |
| The endoplasmic reticulum are/is: | A complex of lipid bilayer membranes |
| What is NOT true about ribosomes? | They only float freely in the cytoplasm (truth is they are attached to "lots and lots" of structures) |
| Exocytosis means that: | Products are deposited outside the cell (by fusing with the plasmalemma) |
| The importance of membranes is highlighted by their: | Separate their environment from their contents |
| In a lipid bilayer membrane, the lipid portions are lined up: | With the polar heads facing OUT into the environment |
| Which type of chromatin is more available for constant use in transcribing genetic code? | Euchromatin |
| Which is NOT a function of the ER? | To transcribe genetic code (it does NOT) |
| True or False: Mitochondria have their own DNA loops to instantly produce genetic information. | True |
| Thiol is a type of alcohol. What is the characteristic element of a thiol? | Sulphur |
| The carbonyl group (C double bonded to O) imparts a _____ character to the molecule. | Polar |
| Which is FALSE regarding a carboxylic acid group? | It forms strong acids (truth is is forms WEAK acids, "that's its whole purpose") |
| On interpreting the skeleton diagram of a molecule, which elements are not typically shown? | Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Amines have a primary, secondary and tertiary presentation. Primary is: | (Only one of the R groups replaced?) |
| The special character trait of a porphyrin group is: | The chelation of metal ions |
| The definition of a sugar monomer is: | A ring composed of 4-5 carbons and 1 oxygen |
| An amino acid is a combination of: | An amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group |
| Amino acids in proteins are joined by a: | Peptide bond (Amide bond would also be correct) |
| What is NOT true about dehydration synthesis? | Water is incorporated into the new molecule. |
| A nucleotide is composed of: | Ribose or deoxyribose sugars, purines or pyrimidines and phosphate |
| What kind of bonds hold together the two strands of DNA? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Name the four classes of biological molecules: | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids/Nucleotides/Nitrogen |
| Which statement does NOT describe the concept of entropy? | Molecules tend to concentrate toward one another (Entropy is the opposite :) |
| Which answer is NOT true about concentration gradients? | [Didn't read the answer-- but it's same idea as question above.] |
| Brownian motion describes: | The random movement of atoms and molecules |
| True or False: A catalyst speeds up reaction rates. | True |
| True or False: Amino acids used to make proteins are all D- form. | False (they are all L- form!!) |
| Radioactive decay produces many types of particles. Which one is NOT a particle? | Ion |
| True or False: Biological systems take advantage of chemical and electrical properties of atoms. | True |
| True or False: Carbon always bonds covalently and always has its 4 bonds filled. | True |
| C, N, O, H are the four most common elements in organic molecules. What are the next two? | S & P |
| If a molecule or an area of a molecule, as in a fat, is hydrophobic, it is | More non-polar (molecule or area) |
| Enantiomers are mirror image twin crystals. Which statement is FALSE about them? | Enzymes are incapable of converting one form into the other. |
| Which aliphatic molecule has double bonds between carbons? | Alkenes (Remember: no dbl bonds=kane, >1 dbl bond=kene, >1 triple bond=kyne) |
| Which type of molecule is saturated? | Alkanes (b/c no double bonds) |
| Which quality makes the carbon ring in benzene characteristic as an aromatic? | The double bonds between the 6 carbons (that shift between pairs) |
| An atom consists of: | A nucleus of protons and neutrons and orbiting electrons |
| An element is defined as: | The count of PROTONS in the nucleus |
| True or False: The electron cloud or shell can gain or lose electrons. | True |
| A valence state of an atom can be described as: | The characteristic number of electrons an element tends to gain or lose |
| True or False: Electroneutrality is a state that atoms and molecules would like to avoid. | False |
| True or False: Covalent bonds share electrons between two or more atoms' electron clouds. | True |
| An ionic bond consists of: | Atoms with a positive valence attracted to atoms with an equal negative valence |
| True or False: Non-polar molecules have a symmetrical electrical charge across urface of the molecule. | True |
| The capacity of a molecule to dissolve in a liquid is called: | Solubility (he says he might accept ionization potential) |
| Which statement is FALSE about water? | It is formed with ionic bonds |
| A cation is: | Positively charged |
| pH stands for: | Percent hydrogen (it actually stands for "power of hydrogen," but WTH) |
| When there is an excess of H+ ions in solution, the solution is: | Acidic |
| When an ion characterizes a basic solution with a pH greater than 7, which ion? | OH- |
| The chemical properties of an atom are determined by: | The electron count orbiting the nucleus |
| True or False: Lipids always have a strong hydrophobic portion to the molecule. | True |
| There are 3 types of lipid structures. What are they? | Fatty acids, glycerols, and sterols |
| In BIOLOGICAL sytems, FOUR types of lipids are found. What are they? | Fatty acids, glycerides, non-glycerides, and complex lipids |
| Give 3 examples of complex lipids in biological systems. | Liposomes, micelles, lipoproteins |
| Give an example of a fatty acid in biological systems. | Phospholipids |
| Give an example of non-glyceride lipids in biological systems. | Waxes and sphingolipids |
| True or False: Lipids are the PRIMARY STRUCTURAL COMPONENT of membranes. | True (as phospholipid fatty acids) |
| True or False: Lipids store energy as hydrocarbons to provide energy for making ATP | True |
| True or False: Certain types of lipids act as messengers in the bloodstream as hormones and prostaglandins | True |
| True or False: Some lipids are actually important vitamins (e.g., A, D, E, K.) | True |
| True or False: Dietary lipids are necessary to absorb so-called 'fat soluble' vitamins (such as A, E, D, K), and that it is recommended that 20% of the human diet be comprised of fats. | True |
| True or False: The most common role of fatty acids in cells and tissues are as aliphatic chains in the structure of cell (bilayer) membranes. | True |
| True or False: Fatty acids have mostly non-polar structures, but their acid tails lend them some solubility in water. Hence, they can be used to EMULSIFY non-polar and polar substances. | True |
| True or False: Soap is an example of a salt of a fatty acid. | True |
| A fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with a _______ group on one end and a ___________ group on the other. | methyl/carboxyl |
| Which of the "end chains" of a fatty acid is "easily replaced or added to" and thus gives the molecule its readily bonding quality? | The carboxyl group |
| Give an example of 3 common fatty acids (in olive oil). | Oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid |
| What causes a 'crook' or bend in the structure of a fatty acid? Or, asked another way, what is this crook or bend evidence of? | A double bond |
| The bonding of a fatty acid to a phosphate group creates what? | A phospholipid |
| True or False: Phospha-tidyl-choline is a major component of bilayer membranes. | True |
| True or False: Phospha-tidyl-choline is a diglyceride (i.e., made of two fatty acid chains. | True |
| True or False: Phospha-tidyl-choline is a common EMULSIFIER in the body. | True |
| True or False: Lecithin is common emulsifier sometimes taken as a dietary supplement. | True |
| True or False: Emulsifiers are able to get non-polar and polar substances to go into solution in water. | True |
| True or False: Detergents are examples of emulsifiers | True |
| A GLYCOLIPID consists of one or more fatty acid chains bonded to what? | A sugar or chain of sugars |
| The basic molecular backbone used to make hormones like corticosteroids and testosterone/estrogen is what: | sterol |
| True or False: Cholesterol is a sterol structure | True |
| True or False: Cholesterol is a sterol structure but technically is also an alcohol | True |
| True or False: Cholesterol in biological systems is VERY COMMON and is the precursor molecule for sterol-based compounds. | True |
| True or False: The sterol backbone is always composed of three 6-carbon rings with one 5-carbon ring. | True |
| A fatty acid bound to a special N-containing alcohol (amine) called a sphingosine is called: | Sphingolipid |
| True or False: Glycerides are names by the number of fatty acid chains attached to their glycerol backbones. | True |
| True or False: Since glycerol can only attach up to 3 chains, there are only 3 types of triglycerides: monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides | True |
| The two important diglycerides found in cells' lipid bilayers are PHOSPHA-TIDLY-CHOLINE and what? | PHOSPHA-TIDYL-ETHANOLAMINE |
| True or False: Triglycerides are the most common way animals store fat in adipose tissue. | True |
| True or False: A triglyceride is defined as "three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol (glyceride) backbone." | True |
| A lipid-protein MICELLE that transports triglycerides and cholesterol through the body (via the bloodstream) is called: | a chylomicron |
| True or False: A chylomicron is basically a "protein embedded micelle." | True |
| True or False: Protein floating inside a specialized micelle is called a chylomicron | True |
| The 2 most common lipid messengers in the human body (or animals) are: | Prostaglandins and sterols (e.g., basis for many hormones) |
| The basic molecule from which prostaglandins are made is called: | arachidonic acid |
| True or False: Arachidonic acid, the molecule from which prostaglandins are constructed, is synthesized from linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid that humans must get from their diet. | True |
| True or False: Arachidonic acid is converted to many types of prostaglandins which are important in blood clotting, inflammatory responses, protecting the stomach lining, menstrual cramping, and bronchodilation. | True |
| True or False: Sterol molecules, in addition to providing the backbone for production of many hormones, are also necessary to produce BILE SALTS. | True |
| Important gonadal hormones are testosterone, estrogen, progesterone and ??? | estradiol |
| True or False: ADRENAL hormones such as glucocorticoids and corticosteroids regulate important body processes such as immune and inflammatory responses. | True |
| True or False: Prednisone is an example of a synthetic sterol hormone used to turn off the inflammatory response. | True |
| The liver metabolite of ethyl alcohol responsible for hangovers is called: | acet-aldehyde (acet means there are 2 carbons-- but so does eth. Prop=3, But-4) |
| Specialized cells that line the villi of the small intestine and deposit micelles of emulsified lipids into the lymph lacteal are called: | parenchyma cells |
| Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in the saliva "and small intestine," whereas lipids pass THROUGH the stomach into the _______ and _________ where bile salts break up (emulsify) lipid globules into micelles. | duodenum, jejunum |
| The gall bladder is signaled to release bile only when a large enough quantity of fat has been detected in the __________. | duodenum |
| Bile and _________ act as emulsifiers, breaking down lipid globules into enclosed fat droplets called _______. | lecithin/micelles |
| Bile acids are secreted by the _____, lipases from the ______, lecithin from the _______. | gallbladder, pancrease,liver |
| Micelles are absorbed by the endothelial cells of the small intestine by a process known as: | endocytosis |
| In the parenchymal cells on the villa surfaces of the small intestine, micells are "proteinated" (special proteins embedded in the droplet bilayer) and become __________. | chylomicrons |
| True or False: Chylomicrons are proteinated micelles that are produced in the Golgi complex and released into the lacteals of the lymph system. | True |
| True or False: Micells are absorbed into the endothelia cells of the SI by ENDOCYTOSIS, but chylomicrons are released into the lacteals of the lymph system by EXOCYTOSIS. | True |
| True or False: Proteinated chylomicrons are released from the Golgi complex and packed into vacuoles that are then transpored to lymph lacteal via exocytosis. | True |
| True or False: A lymph lacteal is basically a capillary-- but of the lymph system instead of the venous (blood) system. | True |
| The lymphatic system empties into the bloodstream at the ___________. | superior vena cava (just on the right of the heart) |
| True or False: Lipases in the chylomicrons begin CATALYSIS of fats (and the resulting glycerols and fatty acids) only once they have been released into the bloodstream (at superior vena cava). | True |
| A major lipid energy generation pathway (which prepares fatty acids for entry into Krebs Cycle) is called: | beta oxidation |
| The process of turning fatty acids into Acetyl Coenzyme A (ACA) is a ___________ process. | degradative |
| True or False: Beta oxidation takes place in the MATRIX of the mitochrondrion. | True |
| In beta oxidation, an 18 carbon fatty acid ends up as a 16 carbon fatty acid because 2 of those carbons have become the ______ group for acetyl coenzyme A. | acetyl |
| Since beta oxidation removes 2 carbons from fatty acid chain to make acetyl coenzyme A (from coenzyme A), it is clear that for every 2-carbon bit degraded from a fatty acid ___ ACA is produced. | 1 |
| In the process of beta oxidation, 1 ACA is produced for every 2-carbon bit degraded. How much ATP is consumed? | 1 ATP consumed for each 2-carbon bit degraded |
| True or False: In addition to one ACA, one FADH2 and one NADH are produced for every 2-carbon unit degraded during beta oxidation. | True? |
Created by:
mrbarr
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