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Skull Pathology
Pathology & Foreign Body
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is the region under the Dura Mater that's bathed with CSF? | The Subdural |
What is the region above the Dura Mater? | The Epidural |
What may cause a bleed in the Epidural? | Contusion or Concussion |
What are the common fractures of the skull? Which of these is unique to the skull? | Linear fracture, Comminuted fracture, Depressed fracture, Diastic fracture. Diastic fracture is unique to the skull & is a fracture right along the suture. |
What will a Linear fracture appear as? What is the most common skull bone that receives this fracture? | A linear fracture will appear as a straight dark line. The most common skull bone will be the Parietal. |
What is a Comminuted fracture? | A fracture that breaks into many pieces. |
What is another name for a Depressed fracture? What type of injury is it most common from? What will it appear as radio-graphically? | A Ping Pong fracture. Generally from a blunt trauma injury. A portion of the plate of bone may be depressed into the cancellous portion. |
What will a Diastic fracture appear as radio-graphically? | It may appear as a seperated suture. |
What is Premature Synostosis? Which one is the most common? What will a babies head appear as with premature synostosis? | Sutures in the skull and face that fuse too soon. The Sagittal suture is most common. A babies head may appear too small. |
What is Dyostosis? What is another name for it? What may Dyostosis be related too? | Defective bone formation. Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Can be related to vitamin deficiency. |
What is Dysplasia? What may a newborn head appear as with Dysplasia? | Abnormal molding. Coned head. |
What is Dystrophy? What vitamin deficiency's is it caused by? | Abnormal nutrition. Vitamin D (Scurvy) & Vitamin C deficiency. |
What is Paget's Disease? What may it appear as radio-graphically? | Chronic Inflammation of bone. An inconsistent appearance in bone that's thick in some places and osteoporotic in others. |
What is Osteomyelitis? | Inflammation of the bone marrow. |
What is Mastoiditis? What is Mastoiditis treated with? What can develop from Mastoiditis? | Inflammation of the Mastoid portion of the Temporal bone. Penicillin. Encephalitis. |
What are Glia? Are they neural tissue? What percentage of brain neoplasms arise from Glia? Where is the most common Glia located? | Connective tissue that's mingled throughout the brain. Glia are not neural tissue. 50% of brain neoplasm arise from Glia. The most common Glia is located in the Pons. |
What is the term if the calcified Pineal gland appears more lateral than midline radio-graphically? | Midline shift |
Where is the Choroid Plexus located? What may an out of place Choroid Plexus signal? | The Choroid Plexus is located in the 3rd ventricle; it appears across the level of the eyebrow. An out of place Choroid Plexus may signal a pathology. |
What is the Falx Cerebri & where is it? What may an out place Falx Cerebri signal? | The Falx Cerebri os the potyion of Dura Mater that dips down in between the right & left hemispheres. An out of place Falx Cerebri may signal a Midline Shift. |
What is the region under the Dura Mater that's bathed with CSF? | The Subdural |
What is the region above the Dura Mater? | The Epidural |
What may cause a bleed in the Epidural? | Contusion or Concussion |
What are the common fractures of the skull? Which of these is unique to the skull? | Linear fracture, Comminuted fracture, Depressed fracture, Diastic fracture. Diastic fracture is unique to the skull & is a fracture right along the suture. |
What will a Linear fracture appear as? What is the most common skull bone that receives this fracture? | A linear fracture will appear as a straight dark line. The most common skull bone will be the Parietal. |
What is a Comminuted fracture? | A fracture that breaks into many pieces. |
What is another name for a Depressed fracture? What type of injury is it most common from? What will it appear as radio-graphically? | A Ping Pong fracture. Generally from a blunt trauma injury. A portion of the plate of bone may be depressed into the cancellous portion. |
What will a Diastic fracture appear as radio-graphically? | It may appear as a seperated suture. |
What is Premature Synostosis? Which one is the most common? What will a babies head appear as with premature synostosis? | Sutures in the skull and face that fuse too soon. The Sagittal suture is most common. A babies head may appear too small. |
What is Dyostosis? What is another name for it? What may Dyostosis be related too? | Defective bone formation. Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Can be related to vitamin deficiency. |
What is Dysplasia? What may a newborn head appear as with Dysplasia? | Abnormal molding. Coned head. |
What is Dystrophy? What vitamin deficiency's is it caused by? | Abnormal nutrition. Vitamin D (Scurvy) & Vitamin C deficiency. |
What is Paget's Disease? What may it appear as radio-graphically? | Chronic Inflammation of bone. An inconsistent appearance in bone that's thick in some places and osteoporotic in others. |
What is Osteomyelitis? | Inflammation of the bone marrow. |
What is Mastoiditis? What is Mastoiditis treated with? What can develop from Mastoiditis? | Inflammation of the Mastoid portion of the Temporal bone. Penicillin. Encephalitis. |
What are Glia? Are they neural tissue? What percentage of brain neoplasms arise from Glia? Where is the most common Glia located? | Connective tissue that's mingled throughout the brain. Glia are not neural tissue. 50% of brain neoplasm arise from Glia. The most common Glia is located in the Pons. |
What is the term if the calcified Pineal gland appears more lateral than midline radio-graphically? | Midline shift |
Where is the Choroid Plexus located? What may an out of place Choroid Plexus signal? | The Choroid Plexus is located in the 3rd ventricle; it appears across the level of the eyebrow. An out of place Choroid Plexus may signal a pathology. |
What is the Falx Cerebri & where is it? What may an out place Falx Cerebri signal? | The Falx Cerebri os the potyion of Dura Mater that dips down in between the right & left hemispheres. An out of place Falx Cerebri may signal a Midline Shift. |
What is Hydrocephalus? What will it do? What two types are there & what are they? | Fluid on the brain. Too much CSF will produced will enlarge the ventricles. Mechanical may be a tumor causing overproduction, or Systemic. |
What is a Meningocele, or Meningomyelocele? What may it be caused by? | Part of the meninges that may protrude from Spina Bifida. |
What are the 3 types of brain inflammation? What are they? | Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. Myelitis is inflammation of the myelin sheath. Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. |
What is microcephaly? What may it be caused by? | A small head. May be caused by premature synostosis. |
What is a foreign body? What are the types of openings? | Any alien object that has entered the body by any route. Puncture wound, or a natural opening. |
What 2 imaging modalities are used to locate foreign bodies? | Radiography & fluoroscopy. |
What are the guidelines for using x-ray for finding a foreign body? | Use a small focal spot, no compression, Constant SID, CR directed over the foreign body, mark the site of puncture with a BB. |
What are the 4 types of foreign body localization methods for using plain IR radiography? | Biplaning; images 90 degrees from each other. Oblique; separate overlapping structures. Tangential; CR skims between the foreign body & primary body part. Single Image Triangualtion; 2 exposures on a single IR that provides depth perception. |
What are the types of foreign body localization methods for fluoroscopy? | Parallax; imaged cast by 2 objects equidistant from fluoro screen. Right angle; when the body can be turned. Profunda method; Foreign body removed under fluoro. Foreign Body on chest; inspiration & expiration. |