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Cell anatomy/biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 types of cell division | mitosis and meiosis |
| What are the 2 descrete processes of mitosis? | diving the nucleus, and dividing the cytoplasm |
| How many chromosomes does the parent cell contain? | 46 |
| how many chromosomes does the daughter cell contain in mitosis | 23 |
| how many daughter cells are created in mitosis | 2 |
| What is the segment of the cell cycle called when the cell is not dividing? | interphase |
| What are teh subdivision of interphase? | G1, S, G2 |
| What happens in the G1 phase | gap/growth. resting phase, cells are preforming functions to maintain homeostasis. |
| During what phase is DnA replicated | s-phase (synthesis) |
| What happens after DNA is replicated? | centrosomes divide adn chromosomes move to the opposite sides |
| What happens after DNA is replicated? | centrosomes divide adn chromosomes move to the opposite sides |
| What happens after DNA is replicated? | centrosomes divide adn chromosomes move to the opposite sides |
| What happens after DNA is replicated? | centrosomes divide adn chromosomes move to the opposite sides |
| When is the most radiosensitive part of the cell cycle? | early s-phase? |
| When is the most radiosensitive part of the cell cycle? | early s-phase? |
| When is the most radiosensitive part of the cell cycle? | early s-phase? |
| When is the most radiosensitive part of the cell cycle? | early s-phase? |
| When is the most radioresistent phase of the cell? | late s-phase |
| When is the most radioresistent phase of the cell? | late s-phase |
| Describe the chromosomes after the s-phase of the cell | chromosomes have identical DNA based sequence made by DNA replication |
| Describe the chromosomes after the s-phase of the cell | chromosomes have identical DNA based sequence made by DNA replication |
| What happens to a chromatis upon completion of cell division? | Chromotids? |
| What happens to a chromatis upon completion of cell division? | Chromotids? |
| Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase |
| Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase |
| Describe what happens in Prophase | Chromosomes inslude 2 chromotids connext to a centromere, The centroiles migrate toward opposite poles of the cell, producing spindle fibers the extend across the cell |
| Describe what happens in Prophase | Chromosomes inslude 2 chromotids connext to a centromere, The centroiles migrate toward opposite poles of the cell, producing spindle fibers the extend across the cell |
| Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase |
| Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase |
| Describe what happens in Prophase | Chromosomes inslude 2 chromotids connext to a centromere, The centroiles migrate toward opposite poles of the cell, producing spindle fibers the extend across the cell s equator. the nuclear membrane begins to disappear, the nucleolus is no longer visabl |
| Describe what happens in Prophase | Chromosomes inslude 2 chromotids connext to a centromere, The centroiles migrate toward opposite poles of the cell, producing spindle fibers the extend across the cell s equator. the nuclear membrane begins to disappear, the nucleolus is no longer visabl |
| What happens during metaphase | pair of chromosomes are lined up at the equator of teh cell. Spindle fibers fromeach centroile attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. the nuclear membrane has entirely disappeared, adn the centromere now divide. |
| What happens during Anaphase | the centrosomes divide, adn the sister chromatids detach as tehy are pulled to an opposite pole. each chromotis is reguarded as a separate chromosome as there are 2 complete and distinct sets |
| What happens during telophase | the set of chromosomes become much longer, thinner, and indistinct as tehy reach teh poles of the cell. The DNA unravel to form chromatin. There is formatin of new nulcear membranes. the nucleolus reappears |
| What type of cells undergo meiosis? | gonads |
| how many chromosomes do ova and sperm have? | 23 |
| Why mucst germ cells undergo meiosis rather than mitosis | reduce the # of chromosomes |
| During meiosis the cell divides _______ in succession, but the chromosomes are duplicated only _______. | 2,1 |
| T/F in both germ and somatic cells, DNA synthesis take place during the interphase, resulting in the duplication of each chromosome constructing 2 chromotids | true |
| The names,stages and movement of germ cell chromosomes during meiosis are similar to comatic cell chromosomes untilm the completion of wht stage of the cell cycle? | telophase |
| What happens after telophase in meiosis that is different than mtiosis? | cell goes throguht a second division of cellular material w/o DNA replication or duplication of chromosome |
| Describe how cells ensure that each new cell produced recieves all od the genetic material necessary to survive and reproduce | Copies DNA unwind DNA, separate 2 strands , build new strands |
| What can happen if DNA is not replicated accurately? | cell death/ big problems |
| What is protoplasm? | organic/inorganis compound. Dissolved or suspended in water |
| what percent of protoplasm is Water? | 55-75% |
| What percent of protoplasm is protein? | 15% |
| What percent of protoplasm is lipids | 2% |
| What percent of protoplasm is carbohydtaes | 1% |
| What are organic compounds and list 4 of them. | Carbon, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. Amino acids are the building blocks, enzymes act as catalyst |
| What are inorganic compounds and give 2 examples | mineral cells: essential of cell life sodium: kepps cell from bursting postassium: prevents cell from collapsing |
| What do proteins do? | assist in growth , constructing new tissue, repair injured or worn-out tissues |
| What do lipids do? | store energy, insulate from cold, assist with digestion and lubricate joints |
| what are Carbohydrates? | they are the major source of cell energy |
| What are nucleic acids? | carry the genetic information crutial to the replication of cells and manufacturing of cellular proteins |
| What are amino acids | buildig blocks of protein |
| Whar are enzymes? | act as catalyst,c orntol every cell process, help make new parts, provide energy |
| describe the make-up of nucleic acids | DNA, RNA |
| Purines are either _______or________ | adenine or guanine |
| Pyrimidines are either ________or______ | cystosine or thymine |
| What are teh 2 nucleic acids? | DNA, RNA |
| What is the function of inorganic compounds (mineral salts) in the cell? | Keep cells functining correctly, assist in producing energy, assis in conducting nerve impulses |
| What is the fucntion of the cell membrane and what is it made of? | separate cell interior from exterior? |
| what is cytoplasm, wht is the function of cytoplasm adn wht is it made out of? | Watery solution between nucleus and cell membrane. Chemical reactions take place (protein synthesis and cellular repiration. Metobolic activity (anabolism, canabolism) |
| Name 6 organelles and state where they are located | Located in the cytoplasm, help keep cell functions. ER, mitochondira, golgi apperatus, lysosome, nucleus, centrosomes |
| What are centrocomes adn centroiles, where are they located, adn what is their functions? | organize the spindle fibers during cell mitosis, located in the cytoplasm, help dispurse chromosomes during mtiosis, pair of cylindircal organelles |
| What is the ER and what is it's function | tubular network from nuclear membrane to cell membrane. Channel proteins in and out of nucleus. Smooth and rough |
| What are the 2 types of ER and how are they different? | rough: ribosomes, smooth: no ribosome |
| Describe the appearance and fuction of mitochondria | where cellular resiptaion takes place. Double membrane: stores ATP, helps break down carbs, fat, and protein into energy |
| Describe teh apprearance and function of the golgi apperatus. | site of carbohydrate synthesis, carbs combine with protein -pacjaged for secretion, allows substances to be released to exterior |
| describe the appearance and fuction of lysosomes: | contain digestive enzymes: proteins, molecules, old cell parts, dead cells, bacteria, foreign material |
| What is the function of the ucleus? | brain for all cell division adn metabolic activity. DNA and protein |
| Where is the nucleus found | FLOATING IN CYTOPLASM |
| WHAT IS CHROMATIN | WHEN CELL DIVIDE, IT TURNS INTO CHROMOSOMES, LONG THREAD W/dna |
| wHAT IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS | DNA/RNA |
| What DO CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN? | DNA |
| DESCRIBE TEH APPEARENCE AND FUCTION OF TEH NUCLEAR MEMBRANE | DOUVLE-LAYERED, OUTER LAYER HAS ROUGH ER, OPENING NUCLEAUS TO CYTOPLASM OR CYTOPLASM TO NUCLEUS |
| HOW ARE THE NUCLEOLUS AND RIBISOMES RELATE ADN WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION | EACH NULCLEUS HAS AT LEST 1 NUCLEOLUS W RIBOSOMES CONTAINING RNA AND PROTEINS. RIBOSOMES HELP WITH PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
| WHAT DO RIBOSOMES CONTAIN? | RNA AND PROTEINS |
| COMPOSED OF A PHOSPHARE GROUP, DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR AND NITROGENOUS BASE OF ADENINE,THYMINE,CYSTOSINE ADN GUANINE | DNA |
| COMPOSED OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP, RIBOSE SUGAR AND NITROGENOUS BASE ADENINE, CYSTOSINE, GUANINE, AND URACIL INSTEAD OF THYMINE | RNA |
| SINGLE STRANDED | RNA |
| DOUBLE STRANDED | DNA |
| LOCATED IN CHROMOSOMES ADN GENES | DNA |
| HAS 3 VARIETIES WITH DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS | RNA |
| WHAT ARE THE SIDES OF DNA NUCLEOTIDES MADE OF? | ALTERNATING PHOSPHATE AND SUGAR MOLECULES |
| WHAT ARE THE RUNGS OF DNA MADE OF? | NITROGENOUS BASE |
| ADENINE ALWAYS PAIRS WITH _______ | THYMINE |
| GUANINE ALWAYS PAIRS WITH_______ | CYSTOCINE |
| RNA IS PRODUCED FROM THE ____ IN THE ______ BUT FUNCTIONS IN THE CYTOPLASM | DNA, NULEUS |
| MESSENGER RNA | CARRIES DIRECTION FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS FROM DNA, CODE FOR SPECIFIC PROTEIN SYNTHESIS FROM DNA TO RIBOSOMES IN CYTOPLASM |
| TRANSFER RNA | CARRIES AMINO ACIDS FROM CYTOPLASM TO THE RIBOSOMES FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
| RIBOSOMAL RNA | ASSIST IN LINKING OF THE MESSENGER RNA TO RIBOSOMES |
| WHERE ARE CHROMOSOMES ADN GENES FOUND | NUCLEUS |
| WHEN ARE CHROMOSOMES VISBLE | WHEN THE CELL DVIVDES |
| WHAT IS A CENTROMERE | |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF GENES AND WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? | TO PRESERVE AN ORGANISM'S LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT |
| WHAT ARE GERM CELLS? | REPRODUCTIVE CELLS |
| WHAT ARE SOMATIC CELLS? | ALL OTHER CELLS |
| IN WHICH TYPE OF CELLS ARE THE CHROMOSOMES PAIRED? | SOMATIC |
| IN WHICH TYPE OF CELL ARE THE CHROMOSOMES NOT PAIRED? | GERM CELLS |
| WHAT IS THE DIPLOID # | 2N |
| WHAT IS THE HAPLOID # | 23 |
| WHY DO GERM CELLS CONTAIN 1/2 THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOME AND GENED THAN PRESENT IN SOMATIC CELLS? | INDIVIDUAL CHROMOSOMES |
| HOW MANY AUTOSOME ARE CONTIANED IN THE NUCLEUS | 46 |
| HOW MANY SEX CHROMOSOMES aRE CONTAINED IN A NUCLEUS | 2 |
| WHICH GENDER HAS XY | MALE |
| WHCH GENDER HAS XX | FEMALE |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF TEH HUMAN GERM CELL? | REPRODUCE SPECIES |
| 18 |
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