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Chapter 3
Government in America
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Block Grants | Broad program grants given more or less automatically to states and communities which exercise discretion in how the money is spent |
| Categorical Grants | Grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending |
| Cooperative Federalism | Where state and the national government responsibilities are mingled and blurred like a marble cake, powers and policies are shared |
| Dual Federalism | Where states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres of power, much like a layer cake |
| Elastic Clause | The statement in the Constitution which says that Congress has the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties |
| Enumerated Powers | Powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution |
| Extradition | The Constitution requires each state to return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment |
| Federalism | A system of shared power between two or more levels of government |
| Fiscal Federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system |
| Formula Grants | A type of categorical grant where states and local governments do not apply for a grant but are given funds on the basis of a formula |
| Full Faith and Credit | Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide reciprocity toward other states’ public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | The 1824 Supreme Court case which further expanded Congress’ power to regulate interstate and international commerce by defining commerce very broadly to incorporate every form of commercial activity |
| Implied Powers | Powers beyond Congress’ enumerated powers which ensure that it can carry out its duties |
| Intergovernmental relations | Used to describe the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | The 1819 Supreme Court case which established the supremacy of the national government over the states included both enumerated and implied powers of Congress |
| Privileges and immunities | The Constitution prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states |
| Project Grants | Categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications |
| Supremacy Clause | Article VI of the Constitution states that the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties |
| Tenth Amendment | Specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people |
| Unitary Government | A system where all power resides in the central government |
| Devolution | Transferring responsibilities for policies from the federal government to state and local governments |
| Commerce Clause | This clause has enabled Congress not only to regulate the act of commerce itself, but everything connected to it. Some examples include: Regulate working hours Outlaw child labor,Mandate product safety laws |
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