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WC ch 9
The High Middle Ages
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Who stood at the head of society in Europe but had limited power? | Feudal Monarchs |
Domesday Book | a complete census in 1068. Included every castle and field in England. |
Exchequer | treasury |
common law | legal system based on custom and court rulings. |
jury | group of men sworn to speak the truth. determined which cases should be brought to trial and were the ancestors of today's grand jury. |
William, Duke of Normandy | Won battle of Hastings and on Christmas day in 1066, he was crowned king of England, with the title " " The conquerer. |
William's government achievements | -domesday book -exchequer |
Henry II | energetic, and well educated king. broadened the system of royal justice -common law -jury |
Thomas a Becket | archbishop at Canterbury. Close friend to Henry II. In 1170, 4 knights attacked and killed ____. -honored as a martyr and declared a saint |
King John | clever, greedy, cruel, and an untrustworthy king. Battled against King Philip II, Pope Innocent III, and his own English Nobles. signed the magna carta |
Magna Carta | 1215. The king affirmed a long list of feudal rights. |
Grand Council | body of law evolved into Parliament. Helped unify England |
Parliament | Unified England. Had representatives from the common people, lords and clergies. Later, was called model Parliament because it set up the framework for England's legislature. 2 bodies House of Lords, and House of Commons. |
Hugh Capet | count of Paris. was too weak to pose a threat. Bureaucracy |
Philip II(Augustus) | French King. appointed paid middle class officials to fill gov't positions. Launched crusade against the Albigensians with the help of Pope Innocent III. |
Louis IX | most admired French King. Was a saint. |
Philip IV | Louis' grandson. clashed with Pope Boniface VIII. Beaten by Philip IV. created the estates general. |
Estates General | had representatives from clergies, nobles, and townspeople. did not gain the power of the purse. |
annul | invalidate. |
crusade | a holy war |
schism | to split |
levy | collect |
religious toleration | policy allowing people to worship as they choose |
scholasticissm | school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief |
vernacular | the everyday languages of ordinary people, such as French, German, and Italian |
epics | long narrative poems |
flying buttresses | stone supports that stood outside the church |
illumination | artistic decoration of books |
epidemic | outbreak of rapid-spreading diseases |
inflation | rising prices |
longbow | 6 foot long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor |
The Holy Roman Empire | an empire that included Germany, part of France and Italy. |
Holy Roman emperors | took this title because they believed they were heirs to the emperors of Rome and were crowned by the Pope |
Duke Otto I of Saxony | King of Germany. Later sent an army to help the pope defeat rebels and was rewarded by being crowned emperor in 982. |
Pope gregory IV | spread Cluniac Reforms. Was admired and revered. banned lay investiture. |
Emperor Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor. argued against Pope Gregory's ban on lay investiture. was excommunicated. later sought revenge on the pope and forced him to exile. |
Concordat of Worms | in 1122, they accepted a treaty that said; the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority. the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs. |
Frederick I | Barbarossa. dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic Sea. did not achieve his goals. |
frederick II | grandson of Barbarossa. was an able, arrogant leader, willing to use any means to achieve his ends. also tried, but failed to subdue the cities of northern Italy. |
Albigensian Crusades | Innocent and Philip launched a holy war against the Albigensians in southern France. they wanted to purify the church and return to the simple ways of early Christianity. |
What is the importance of Islam? | created a new civilization that stretched from Spain to India. Muslim scholars and traders spread goods and ideas even further. |
What is the importance of India? | It was politically divided, it was a land of thriving cities. Mathematicians invented a number system, which Arabs adapted and eventually passed to Europeans. |
What is the importance of China? | China had a strong centralized government. China's culture flourished and influenced neighboring peoples. |
What is the importance of West Arica? | The Soninke people were building the great trading empire of Ghana. |
What is the importance of the Americas? | The Mayas had cleared rain forests and built cities dominated by towering temples. |
Alexius I | A Byzantine Emperor that wished for Christian knights to help him fight the invading Turks. |
Pope Urban II | listened to Alexius and called upon knights in the name of God to take back the land in Asia and march into the Holy Land. |
Saladin | a Muslim leader that took back Jerusalem during the second crusade. Also defended Jerusalem in the third crusade. |
What is the importance of the Constantinople in the fourth crusades? | When Christian knights failed to take back Jerusalem. Knights turned and helped Venetian merchants defeat their Byzantine trade rivals. The Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople, the Byzantine capital. |
How did the crusades increase power for monarchs? | Rulers won new rights to levy taxes in order to support the Crusades. |
Marco Polo | a young Venetian who set out for China with his father and uncle. Was known as the "prince of liars" |
Reconquista | reconquest |
Isabella and Ferdinand | married opened a way for a unified state. |
Inquisition | a Church set up to try people accused of heresy. |
cathedral schools evolved into____ | universities |
location of the first universities | Salerno and Bologna in Italy. Paris and Oxford. |
Student life | wake up at 5 for prayers. classes until 10am. first meal. then classes till 5pm. |
curriculum | arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammer, rhetoric, and logic |
Women and education | were not allowed to attend universities. could not get jobs or an education. |
Christine de Pizan | Italian born woman. raised her 3 children as a single mother(widow). earned a living by being a writer. one of the only women with a profession. Wrote the City of Ladies |
Revolution in the world of learning | Muslim scholars translated the work of Greek thinkers into Arabic. Jewish scholars later translated it into Latin, the language of Christian Europeans. |
Scholasticism | an idea that required reason to support Christian beliefs. |
Why did science and mathematics make little progress? | the works of science did not fit with the Church. |
towering stone cathedrals served as symbols of | were symbols of their wealth and religious devotion. |
Romanesque church | looked like castles with thick walls and towers. had massive thick walls to hold up the ceiling. there were no windows, so inside was dark and gloomy. |
Gothic church | had stone supports outside the church. supports allowed higher walls and left space for large stained-glass windows. |
bubonic plague | a disease that was spread across Asia and Europe by fleas on rats |
Joan of Arc | was a woman that inspired the battered and despairing French troops to fight anew. was declared a saint and later a martyr. |
the cannon | a weapon used by the French to attack English castles. |