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EK Bio 6
Digestive and excretory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what reaction type is common to digestion of all macronutrients? | hydrolysis |
| four major cell types of stomach | mucous cells, chief (peptic) cells, parietal cells, and G-cells |
| mucous cells of stomach | contain ER and golgi to make the mucus to protect epithelial lining in the stomach |
| chief cells | synthesizes pepsionogen; found deep in exocrine glands |
| parietal cells | synthesizes HCl; has many mitochondria to produce sufficeint energy to establish H+ gradient; also secretes intrinsic factor that helps ileum absorb B12 |
| G-cells | secretes gastrin that goes into interstitium and absorbed into blood that stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl |
| digestion begins in the mouth with ____ | alpha amylase in the saliva |
| where are carbohydrates first starting to be digested | mouth |
| what is the main function of the stomach | to store food, helps with physical and chemical digestion |
| which are the major hormones that affect secretion of stomach juices | acetylcholine (secretion of all cell types), gastrin (mainly HCl), and histamine (mainly HCl) |
| 90% of digestion and absorption occurs where in the digestive tract? | small intestine |
| most of the digestion occurs in _____, and absorption in ___ (small intestine) | digestion - duodenum and absorption - jejunum and ileum |
| lacteal | lymph vessel found in each villus |
| type of cell that makes up microvilli? | enterocytes |
| what is an enterocyte? | epithelial cells that make up microvilli and help with absorptive properties of small intestine |
| goblet cells | epithelial cells of microvilli that secrete mucus and lubricate intestine to protect brush border from mechanical and chemical damage |
| brush border | fuzzy covering of small intestine that contains membrane bound gdigestive enzymes |
| crypts of Lieberkuhn | intestinal exocrine glands that secrete intestinal juice with pH of 7.6 and lysozome that regulates bacteria in intestine |
| major digestive enyzmes released by pancreas | trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, ribonucelase, and deoxyribonuclease |
| which digestive pancreatic enzymes degrade proteins? | trypsin and chymotrypsin |
| which digestive pancreatic enzymes degrade polysaccharides? | pancreatic amylase |
| which digestive pancreatic enzymes degrade fat/triglycerides? | lipase |
| bile | fluid produced in liver and stored in gall bladder which emulsifies the fat clumps - breaking it into small particles so lipase can more easily degrade fats |
| 4 parts of large intestine | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon |
| major function of large intestine | water and electrolyte reabsorption |
| what type of bacteria is often found in large intestine? | E. coli which produce vitamin K, B12, thiamin, and riboflavin |
| major carbohydrates in human diet include | sucrose, lactose, and starch |
| most of glucose is converted to... | glycogen |
| what happens when glycogen stores are full? | glucose is converted to fat (by liver, and stored in fat cells) |
| virtually all dietary proteins are broken down to ____ before being absorbed into the blood | amino acids, not small polypeptdies |
| common byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins | ammonia which is converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney |
| how is fat transported in the blood? | with lipoprotein or albumin |
| albumin | usually carries 3 fatty acid molecules, but can carry up to 30; main osmoregulatory protein in blood |
| lipoprotein | form of 95% of lipids in plasma, 4 types |
| 4 types of lipoproteins | very low-density lipoproteins, intermediate-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins |
| increasing density of lipoprotein trends.. | less triglyceride transport and lower cholestorol transport |
| all blood rec’d by liver moves thru ____ and collects in the _____ which leads to the _____ | hepatic sinusoids, hepatic vein, leading to vena cava |
| eight functions of liver | blood storage, blood filtration, carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis), fat metabolism, protein metabolism, detoxification, erythrocyte destruction, vitamin storage |
| when the liver mobilizes fat or protein for energy, the blood acidity increases or decreases? | increases bc it produces acids called ketone bodies when using fat for energy |
| protein metabolism by liver includes | deaminating amino acids, forming urea from ammonia in blood, synthesizing plasma proteins and globulins, and synthesizes nonessential amino acids |
| what vitamins are stored by liver? | vitamin !, D, and b12, and iron in the form of ferritin |
| fat metabolism in the liver | liver synthesizes bile from cholesterol and converts carbs and proteins into fat; it oxidizes fatty acids for energy and forms most lipoproteins |
| 3 functions of the kidney | excrete waste products, maintain homeostasis of body fluid volume & solute composition, and help control plasma pH |
| functional unit of the kidney | nephron |
| flow of filtrate thru nephron order | bowman’s capsule + glomerulus - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct |
| how is plasma forcd thru the fenstrations of the golumerulus into the Bowman’s capsule? | thru hydrostatic pressure - easily pushing water, glucose, amino acids, and ions thru the fenestrations leaving out large proteins (like albumin) and blood cells |
| proximal tubule | where most reabsorption by epithelial cells takes place - uses 2ary active transport proteins to reabsorb nearly all glucose, proteins and other solutes until transport proteins are saturated (left over solutes are washed into urine) |
| antiport system in proximal tubule | how H+ ions are secreted with sodium, similar to transport system of glucose with sodium but H+ secreted in opposite direction to sodium |
| what is secreted into the proximal tubule? | drug, toxisn, other solutes, H+ ions, uric acids, bile pigmants, antibiotics |
| net result of proximal tubule | reduce amt of filtrate in neprhon while change solute composition w/o changing osmolarity |
| loop of Henle | dips into medulla, function is INCREASE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF MEDULLA |
| descending loop of henle | low permeability to salt, so filtrate osmolarity goes up as water passively diffuses out into medulla |
| asending loop of henle | nearly impermeable to water where salt is diffused out of ascending loop passively at first, and then actively |
| vasa recta | second capillary bed that surrounds loop of henle to help maintain the concentration of the medulla |
| distal tubule | reabsorbs Na+, Ca+ while secreting K+, H+ and bicarb |
| aldosterone acts on (what part of nephron) to (increase or decrease) sodium and potassium membrane transport proteins? | acts on distal tubule to increase sodium and potassium membrane transport proteins |
| net effect of distal tubule | lower filtrate osmolarity |
| ADH acts on (what part of nephron) to (increase or decrease) permeability of cells to water? | acts on collecting tubule to increase permeability of cells to water --> this means water flows from tubule and concentrating filtrate |
| collecting duct | carries filtrate into highly osmotic medulla; is impermeable to water but sensitive to ADH (which makes collecting duct permeable to water) allowing it to passivly diffuse into medulla to concentrate the urine |
| renal calyx | where the collecting ducts lead to, which empties int renal pelvis |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus | monitors filtrate pressure in distal tubule, has specialized cells that secrete the enzyme renin |
| renin | enyzme that initiates regulator cascade producing angiotensin I, II, and III which stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone |
| how justaglomerulus apparatus (pathway) responds when filtrate volume is low... | signal is sent to lower resistance of efferent arterioles of glomerulus (the arterioles that flow away from to glomerulus) so that hydrostatic pressure of glomerulus is increased which will increase the filtration rate |
| angiotensin II | constricts efferent arterioles so that there is a further increase in glomerulur pressure and GFR which means an increase in aldosterone to increase Na+ reasorption |
| renal corpuscle | glomerulus + bowman’s capsule |
| kidney is made of... | outer cortex and inner medulla |
Created by:
miniangel918
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