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EK Bio Lec3
Important words from Examkrackers MCAT Biology book, lecture 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a capsid? | A protein coat around a virus |
| What is the envelope of an animal virus made of? | It is lipid-rich and borrowed from the membrane of their host cell or synthesized in the host cell cytoplasm |
| How do viruses differ from living oranisms? | 1. Require host's reproductive machinary to reproduce 2. Don't metabolize organic nutrients 3. In active form they are not separated from their external environment 4. Only posses DNA or RNA (not both) |
| What is a lytic infection? | Occurs when a virus uses the cell's reproductive machinary to reproduce |
| What is the latent period? | The time from infection to lysis |
| What is a virulent virus? | A virus that follows that lytic cycle |
| What is a lyogenic infection? | Occurs when viral DNA is incorporated into host genome or reverse transcriptase is used on RNA virus |
| What is a temperate virus? | A virus that follows the lysogenic cycle |
| What is a provirus? | A temperate virus that is lying dormant in a bacterium |
| What is a plus=strand RNA virus? | A virus that has DNA that can be directly translated into proteins |
| What is a retrovirus? | A virus that carries reverse transcriptase to create DNA from RNA |
| What is a minus-strand RNA virus? | A virus that contains RNA that is complement to mRNA and must be transcribed to plus-RNA to be translated |
| What is a vaccine? | An injection of antibodies or nonpathogenic virus |
| What are autotrophs? | Organisms that get their carbon from carbon dioxide |
| What are heterotrophs? | Organisms that get their carbon from organic compounds |
| What are phototrophs? | Organisms that get their energy from light |
| What are chemotrophs? | Organisms that get their energy from chemicals/oxidation |
| What are lithotrophs? | Organisms that get their electrons from inorganic matter |
| What are organotrophs? | Organisms that get their electrons from organic matter |
| What is nitrogen fixation? | The process that converts nitrogen in ammonia |
| What is nitrification? | The process that converts ammonia into nitrates |
| What are cocci shaped bacteria? | Round-shaped bacteria |
| What are bacilli shaped bacteria? | Rod shaped bacteria |
| What affects a compounds permeability? | Size and polarity |
| What does hypertonic mean? | Describes cytosol containing more particles than it's surrounding solution |
| What does hypotonic mean? | Describes cytosol containing lessparticles than it's surrounding solution |
| What is a peptidoglycan? | A series of disaccharide polymer chains with amino acids |
| What is a gram-positive bacteria? | A bacteria whose thick cell wall prevents grain stain from leaking out |
| What is binary fission? | A type of asexual reproduction that involves a process similar to replication in eukaryotes |
| What is conjugation? | A type of genetic recombination that requires a bacterium to have a plasmid with a gene that codes for sex pilus |
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