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Procedures Ch 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the general shape of the human body that determines the size, shape, position, and movement of the internal organs | body habitus |
| bounded by the walls of the thorax and extends from the superior thoracic aperture to the inferior thoracic aperture | thoracic cavity |
| the top of the thoracic cavity where structures enter the thorax | superior thoracic aperture |
| the bottom of the thoracic cavity | inferior thoracic aperture |
| separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| The anatomic structures that pass from the thorax to the abdomen go through openings in the: | diaphragm |
| The thoracic cavity contains: | * the lungs and heart * organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems * the inferior portion of the esophagus * the thymus gland |
| The 3 Chambers of the Thoracic Cavity: | * pericardial cavity * right pleural cavity * left pleural cavity |
| shiny, slippery, and delicate membranes that line the thoracic cavities | serous membranes |
| The space between the two pleural cavities and contains all the thoracic structures except the lungs and pleurae is called the: | mediastinum |
| The respiratory system consists of: | * trachea * bronchi * two lungs |
| a fibrous, muscular tube with 16 to 20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings embedded in its walls | trachea |
| the last tracheal cartilage that is elongated and has a hooklike process that divides the trachea into two lesser tubes is called the: | carina |
| Subdivisions of the Bronchial Tree: | * Trachea * Primary Bronchi * Secondary Bronchi * Tertiary Bronchi * Bronchioles * Terminal Bronchioles |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion within the walls of the: | alveoli |
| the organs of respiration that comprise the mechanism for introducing oxygen into the blood and removing carbon dioxide from the blood | lungs |
| these communicate with the terminal bronchioles | alveolar ducts |
| located at the end of the alveolar ducts | alveolar sacs |
| these line the walls of the alveolar sacs | alveoli |
| the lungs are made up of this light, spongy, highly elastic substance | parenchyma |
| What is the most common chest projection? | PA |
| When performing a PA chest projection, which body plane should be centered to the grid? | Midsagittal |
| When performing an x-ray these 3 things need to be totally aligned: | * source * patient * image receptor |
| What is the SID for a PA chest projection? | 72 inches |
| At what level should the central ray, perpendicular to the IR, be centered when performing a PA chest? | at the level of T-7 |
| How far above the shoulders should the top of the IR be when performing a PA chest projection? | 1.5 to 2 inches above the shoulders |
| What size image receptor should be used when performing a chest x-ray? | 14 x 17 |
| True or False: Slight rotation from PA or lateral projection causes considerable distortion of the heart shadow. | True |
| Where vessels enter a lung | hilum |
| superior portion of a lung | apex |
| inferior border of thoracic cavity | diaphragm |
| respiratory organ | lung |
| major airway tube | trachea |
| number of lobes in the right lung | 3 |
| side of lung where vessels enter | medial |
| double-walled, serous membrane sac | pleura |
| respiratory sacs | alveoli |
| anterior bony wall of the mediastinum | sternum |
| area between the lungs | mediastinum |
| mediastinal organ | heart |
| mediastinal blood vessel | aorta |
| major section of a lung | lobe |
| this lung has 2 lobes | left |
| inferior part of a lung | base |
| pertaining to the chest cavity | thoracic |
| these branch from the trachea | bronchi |
| separates a lung into lobes | fissure |
| Which cavity contains the heart and lungs? | Thoracic |
| Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? | diaphragm |
| Which part of the thoracic cavity contains all thoracic organs except the lungs and pleurae? | mediastinum |
| Which bony structure forms the anterior border of the mediastinum? | sternum |
| What mediastinal structure consists of C-shaped cartilaginous rings? | trachea |
| What area of the trachea divides into two lesser tubes? | carina |
| Which structures branch from the distal end of the trachea? | primary bronchi |
| Which primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the other? | right |
| What thoracic structures are the organs of respiration? | lungs |
| What is the name of the medial aspect of each lung in which the primary bronchus enters? | hilum |
| What is the name of the superior portion of each lung? | apex |
| Which structures are at the terminal end of the respiratory system? | alveoli |
| How many lobes are found in the right lung? | 3 |
| How many lobes are found in the left lung? | 2 |
| What determines how many degrees a patient should rotate for the PA oblique projection LAO? | the desired structures to be demonstrated (more rotation when the heart is the primary interest) |
| When performing the PA oblique projection, LAO to demonstrate lungs, how many degrees should the patient be rotated? | 45 |
| When performing the oblique projection, LAO position to demonstrate the heart and great vessels, how many degrees should the patient be rotated? | 55 to 60 (from 45 degrees, increase 10 to 20 degrees more) |
| With reference to patient respiration, when should the exposure be made during a PA oblique projection? | after 2nd full inspiration |
| To what level of the patient should the central ray be directed during a PA oblique projection? | at level of T-7 |
| Which PA oblique projection provides the best view of the left atrium and the entire left branch of the bronchial tree? | RAO position (right anterior oblique) |
| True or False: When viewing PA oblique projection radiographs, the patient's left side, should be toward the viewer's right side. | True |
| True or False: The heart and mediastinal structures should be clearly demonstrated within the lung field of the elevated side in oblique images of 45 degree of body rotation. | True |
| True or False: When viewing PA oblique projection radiographs (LAO) position, the left lung should be partially superimposed by the spine. | True |
| Which side, the one closer to or the one further from the IR is generally the side of interest? | the side closest to the IR |
| Which AP oblique image, the RPO position or the LPO position, demonstrates the maximum area of the left lung? | LPO (Left posterior oblique) |
| What is the minimum recommended SID? | 72 inches or 183 cm (2.54 x 72) |
| Which AP oblique projection produces an image very similar to that produced by the PA oblique projection RAO position? | LPO (left posterior oblique) |
| What is the corresponding position to the RPO position? | LAO |
| What is the corresponding position to the LPO position? | RAO |
| How many degrees should the patient be rotated for an AP oblique projection? | 45 degrees |
| How far above the top of the shoulders should the upper boarder of the IR be placed? | 1.5 to 2 inches above the vertebral prominens or about 5 inches above the jugular notch |
| What breathing instructions should be given to the patient for an AP oblique projection? | hold breath in after 2nd inspiration |
| To what level of the patient should the central ray be directed when performing an AP oblique projection? | about 3 inches below the jugular notch |
| What is the recommended SID for an AP chest projection? | 72 or 60 inches depending on equipment limitations |
| What body plane should be centered to the midline of the IR when performing an AP chest projection? | midsagittal plane |
| With reference to the patient, where should the IR be placed when performing an AP chest projection? | 1.5 to 2 inches above the relaxed shoulders |
| If the patient's condition permits, how should the arms and shoulders be positioned when performing an AP chest projection? | with elbows flexed, pronate the hands and place them on the hips to draw the scapula laterally |
| Why should the patient perform the recommended breathing instructions? | to ensure maximum expansion of the lungs |
| List 3 evaluation criteria that indicate the patient was properly positioned for an AP chest projection. | * trachea should be seen in the midline * the lung fields should be seen from the apices to the costophrenic angles * the medial portion of the clavicals should be equidistant from the vertebral column |
Created by:
kkant
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