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structures shown
structures shown review for comps at spencerian
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PA Chest | shows the air-filled trachea, the lungs, the diaphragmatic domes, the heart and aortic knob, and, if enlarged laterally, the thyroid or thymus gland.The bronchial tree is shown from an oblique angle. |
| Lateral Chest | used to demonstrate the heart, the aorta, and pulmonary lesions. is employed extensively to demonstrate the interlobar fissures, to differentiate the lobes, and to localize pulmonary lesions. |
| AP Axial Chest | demonstrate the apices and conditions such as interlobar effusions. |
| PA Digits | PA projection of the appropriate digit is shown. |
| Lateral Digits | lateral projection of the affected digit is shown. |
| Oblique Digits (Lateral Rotation) | PA oblique projection of the bones and soft tissue of the affected digit. |
| PA Hand | PA projection of the carpals, metacarpals, phalanges (except thumb), interarticulations of the hand, and distal radius & ulna. PA oblique projection of 1st digit. |
| Oblique Hand (Lateral Rotation) | shows a PA oblique projection of the bones and soft tissues of the hand. this supplemental postion is used for investigating fractures and pathologic conditions. |
| Lateral Hand (Fan Lateral) | superimposes the metacarpals but demonstrates almost all of the individual phalanges. the most proximal portions of the proximal phalanges remain superimposed. customary position for localizing foreign bodies and metacarpal fracture displacement. |
| PA Wrist | PA projection of the carpals, distal radius & ulna, & proximal metacarpals is shown. the projection gives a slightly oblique rotation to the ulna. |
| Lateral Wrist (Lateromedial) | this image shows a lateral projection of the proximal metacarpals, carpals & distal radius & ulna. can also be used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacement fractures. |
| PA Oblique Wrist (Lateral Rotation) | This projection demonstrates the carpals on the lateral side of the wrist, particularly the trapezium and the scaphoid. |
| PA Wrist (Ulnar Deviation) | this position corrects foreshortening of the scaphoid, which occurs with a perpendicular central ray. is also opens the spaces between the adjacent carpals |
| PA Wrist (Radial Deviation) | opens the interspaces between the carpals on the medial side of the wrist. |
| AP Forearm | demonstrates the elbow joint, the radius and ulna, and the proximal row of slightly distorted carpal bones. |
| Lateral Forearm | the lateral projection demonstrates the bones of the forearm, the elbow joint, and the proximal row and the carpal bones |
| AP Elbow | An AP projection of the elbow joint, distal arm, and the proximal forearm is presented. |
| Lateral Elbow | the lateral projection demonstrates the elbow joint, distal arm, and proximal forearm.olecranon process seen in profile. |
| AP Oblique Elbow (Medial Rotation) | shows an oblique projection of the elbow with the coronoid process free of superimposition. coronoid process in profile. |
| AP Oblique Elbow (Lateral Rotation) | the image shows an oblique projection of the elbow with the radial head and neck projected free of superimposition of the ulna. |
| AP Humerus | demonstrates the entire length of the humerus. the accuracy of the position is shown by the epicondyles. humeral head and geater tubercle in profile. |
| Lateral Humerus | demonstraes the entire length of the humerus, A true lateral image is confirmed by superimposed epicondyles. lesser tubercle in profile. |
| AP Shoulder | shows the bony and soft structures of the shoulder and proximal humerus in the anatomic position. The scapulohumeral joing relationship is seen. |
| AP Shoulder (External Rotation) | the greater tubercle of the humerus and the site of insertion of the supraspinatus tendon are visulaized. Humeral head in profile. |
| AP Shoulder (Neutral Rotation) | The posterior part of the supraspinatus insertion, which sometimes profiles small calcific deposits not otherwise seen. HUmeral head in partial profile. |
| AP Shoulder (Internal Rotation) | proximal humerus is seen in a true lateral position. When the arm can be abducted enough to clear the lesser tubercle of the head of the scapula, a profile image of the site of the insertion of the subscapular tendon is seen. Lesser tubercle in profile |
| AP Clavicle | This projection demonstrates a frontal image of the clavicle. |
| AP Axial CLavicle (Lordotic Positon) | An axial image of the clavicle is projected above the ribs. |
| AP Scapula | An AP projection of the scapula is demonstrated. |
| Lateral Scapula | Lateral image of the scapula is demonstrated. the position of the arm determines the portion of the superior scapula that is superimposed over the humerus. |
| AP Axial Foot | shows a dorsoplantar projection of the tarsals anterior to talus, metatarsals,& phalanges. projection is used for localizing foreign bodies, determining location of fragments in fractures of metatarsals & anterior tarsals. |
| AP Oblique Foot (Medial Rotation) | shows the interspaces between the following: the cuboid & calcaneus; cuboid & 4th & 5th metatarsals; cuboid & lateral cuneiform; & talus & navicular bone. the cuboid is shown in profile. sinus tarsi is also well seen. |
| Lateral Foot (Mediolateral) | shows the entire foot in profile, the ankle joint, & the distal ends of the tibia & fibula. |
| AP Ankle | shows a true AP projection of the ankle joint, and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, and the proximal portion of the talus. |
| Lateral Ankle (Mediolateral) | shows a true lateral projection of the lower 3rd of the tibia and fibula, the ankle joint, and the tarsals, including the bsae of the 5th metatarsal. |
| AP Oblique Ankle (Medial Rotation) | demonstrates the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, parts of which are often superimposed over the talus. the tibiofibular articulation also should be demonstrated. |
| AP Oblique Ankle (Mortise Joint) | the entire ankle mortise joint should be demonstrated in profile. the 3 sides of the mortise joing should be visualized. |
| AP Tib/Fib | shows the tibia, fibula, and adjacent joints. |
| Lateral Tib/Fib (Mediolateral) | shows a lateral image of the tibia, fibula, and adjacent joints. |
| AP Knee | the resulting image shows an AP projection of the knee structures. |
| Lateral Knee (Mediolateral) | shows a lateral image of the distal end of the femur, patella, knee joint, proximal ends of the tibia and fibula, and adjacent soft tissue. Patella in lateral profile. |
| AP Femur (2 Films) | the resulting image shows an AP projection of the femur, including the knee joint and/or hip. |
| Lateral Femur (2 Films) | shows a lateral projection of about 3/4 of the femur and the adjacent joint. If needed, use 2 IRs for demonstration of the entire length of the adult femur. |
| AP Pelvis | shows an AP projection of the pelvis & of the head, neck, trochanters, and proximal 1/3 or 1/4 of the shaft of the femora. Greater trochanters in profile. |
| AP Hip | the resulting image shows the head, neck, trochanters, and proximal 1/3 of the body of the femur. Greater trochanter in profile. |
| Lateral Hip (Mediolateral) Lauenstein Method | shows a lateral projection of the hip imcluding the acetabulum, proximal end of the femur & relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum. |
| AP Open Mouth C-Spine | an AP projection of the atlas and axis through the open mouth. |
| AP Fuchs C-Spine | shows an AP projection of the dens lying within the circular foramen magnum. |
| AP Axial C-Spine | lower 5 cervical bodies & upper 2 or 3 thoracic bodies, the interpediculate spaces, the superimposed transverse & articular processes, & the intervertebral disk spaces. this projection is also used to demonstrate the presence or absence of cervical ribs. |
| Lateral C-Spine (Grandy Method) | lateral projection of the cervical bodies & their interspaces, the articular pillars, the lower 5 zygapophyseal joints, & spinous processes. depending on how well the shoulders can be depressed, a good lateral projection must include C7; sometimes T1 & T2 |
| AP Axial Oblique C-Spine (RPO & LPO) | shows the intervertebral foramina and pedicles farthest from the IR and an oblique projection of the bodies and other parts of the cervical vertebrae. |
| AP T-Spine | the resluting image shows an AP projection of the thoracic bodies, intervertebral disk spces, transverse processes, costovertebral articulations, and surrounding structures. |
| Lateral T-Spine | lateral projection of the Thoracic bodies that demonstrates their interspaces, the intervertebral foramina & lower spinous processes. b/c of overlapping shoulders, the upper vertebrae may not be demonstrated in this position. |
| Lateral Swimmers | shows a lateral projection of the cervicothoracic vertebrae between the shoulders. |
| AP L-Spine | shows the lumbar bodies, intervertebral disk spaces, interpediculate spaces, laminae, and spinous & transverse processes. when using larger IR, includes 1 or 2 of the lower T-Spine, sacrum, coccyx & pelvic bones. |
| Lateral L-Spine | the lumber bodies, their interspaces, the spinous processes, and the lumbosacral junction. this projection gives a profile image of the intervertebral foramina of L1-L4. L5 intervertebral foramina are not usually visualized bc of their oblique direction. |
| Lateral L5-S1 Joint | shows a lateral projection of the lumbosacral junction, the lower one or two lumbar vertebrae and upper sacrum. |
| AP Oblique L-Spine (RPO & LPO) | shows an oblique projection of the lumbar and/or lumbosacral spine, demonstrating the articular proceses of the side closest to the IR. the articular processes & zygapophyseal joints are seen. Scottie Dog. |
| PA Oblique L-Spine (RAO & LAO) | shows an oblique projection of the lumbar or lumbosacral vertebrae, demonstrating the articular processes of the side fatrther from the IR. 5th lumbosacral joint is usually well demonstrated in oblique position. |
| AP Axial Sacrum/ Coccyx | demonstrates the sacrum or coccyx free of superimposition. |
| Lateral Scarum/ Coccyx | shows a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx. |
| AP Axial SI Joints (Ferguson Method) | the resulting image shows the lumbosacral joint and a symmetric image of both sacroiliac joints free of superimposition |
| AP Oblique SI Joints (RPO & LPO) | shows the sacroiliac joint farthest from the IR and an oblique projection of the adjacent structures. both sides are examined for comparison. |
| PA Oblique Sternum (RAO Position) | shows a slightly oblique projection of the sternum. the detail demonstrated depends largely on the technical procedure employed. if breathing motion is used, the pulmonary markings will be obliterated. |
| Lateral Sternum | a lateral image of the entire length of the sternum shows the superimposed SC joints and medial ends of the clavicles. |
| AP Supine Abdomen (KUB) | projection of the abdomen shows the size and shape of the liver, the spleen, and the kidneys, and intraabdominal clacifications or ecidence of tumor masses. KUB |
| Upright Abdomen | used to demonstrate free air. diaphragm is included. |
| PA Ribs | best demonstrates the anterior ribs above the diaphragm. the posterior ribs will be seen. However the anterior ribs will be demonstrated with greater detail because they lie closer to the IR. Ribs the hurt in the front. |
| AP Ribs | best demonstrates the posterior ribs above or below the diaphragm, according to the region examined. the anterior ribs will be seen, however, the posterior ribs will be demonstrated with greater detail because they lie closer to the IR |
| AP Oblique Ribs (RPO or LPO) | in these images the axillary portion of the ribs are projected free of superimposition. the posterior ribs are also well demonstrated. toward the affected side |
| PA Oblique Ribs (RAO or LAO) | in these images the axillary portion of the ribs is projected free or bony superimposition. the anterior ribs are also well demonstrated. away from the affected side. |
| AP Townes Skull | shows a symmetric image of the petrous pyramids, the posterior portion of the foramen magnum, the dorsum sellae & posterior clinoid processes projected within the foramen magnum, the occipital bone, and the posterior postion of the parietal bones. |
| Waters Sinuses | shows a parietoacanthial projection of the maxillary sinuses, with the petrous ridges lying inferior to the floor of the sinuses. the frontal and ethmoidal air cells are distorted. also used to show the foramen rotundum. |
| Caldwell Sinuses | for demonstration of the frontal & anterior ethmoidal air cells. |
| PA Skull | orbits are filled by the margins of petrous pyramids. other structures seen include posterior ehtmoidal air cells, crista galli, frontal bone & frontal sinuses. dorsum sellae seen as curved line extending between orbits, just above ethmoidal air cells. |
| Lateral Skull | the sella turcica, anterior clinoid processes, dorsum sellae, & posterior clinoid processes are well demonstrated in the lateral projection. |
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