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PTC CH-5
Infection control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acquired immunity | infection resistance to a specific organism that occurs after an individual has been infected with the organism, or that is conferred from a vaccine |
| airborne contamination | mode of transmitting infection by dust containing spores or droplet muclei, which are particles measuring 5 microns or smaller that contain microorganisms and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time |
| asepsis | the absence of microorganisms |
| autoclave | an appliance used to sterilize medical instruments or other objects with steam under pressure |
| direct contact | means of disease transmission in which infectious organisms are transferred to a susceptible host by the touch of an infected individual |
| disinfection | liquid chemical applied to objects to eliminate many or all pathogenic microorganisms |
| droplet contamination | occurs when an infectious individual coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings in the vicinity of a susceptible host; involves contact of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of a susceptible person with large droplet containing microorganisms |
| endospore | form assumed by certain bacteria in which they resist drying and can live for long periods without warmth, moisture, or nutrients; type of bacteria |
| epidemic | the appearance of an infectious disease or condition that affects many people at the same time in the same geographic area |
| fomite | nonliving material such as bed linen that may transmit microorganisms; x-ray table, IR, positioning sponges |
| immunosuppressant | an agent that significantly interferes with the ability of the immune system to respond to antigenic stimulation by inhibiting cellular and humoral immunity; an individual's immune response is weakened as it is in old age, illness, or malnutrition |
| microbial dilution | the process of reducing the total number of microorganisms, which is accomplished at three levels: cleanliness measures, disinfection, and sterilization |
| nosocimial infection | hospital-acquired disease |
| nosocimial | pertaining to a hospital |
| opportunistic infection | an infection caused by normally nonpathogenic organisms in a host whose resistance has been decreased by disorders such as diabetes, HIV, or cancer, or by cancer treatment that causes immunosuppression |
| passive immunity | short-term resistance to infection produced by preformed antibodies, preformed antibodies may be injected in the form of pooled immune globulin from the general population; they are passed to infants in utero or in breast milk |
| pathogen | any microorganism capable of producing disease |
| phagocytosis | the process by which certain cells engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris |
| spore | a reproductive unit of some genera of fungi or protozoa; also a common term for endospore, a form assumed by some bacteria that is resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals |
| sterile conscience | the awareness of sterile technique and the responsibility for notifying those in charge whenever contamination occurs |
| sterile field | a specific area, such as within a tray or on a sterile towel, that is considered free of microorganisms |
| sterilization | treatment of items with heat, gas or chemicals to make them germ-free |
| vector | an animal in whose body a pathogen multiplies or develops before becoming infectious agents |
| vehicle | any substance, such as food or water, that can serve as a mode of transmission for infectious agents |
| virluence factors | characteristics of certain microorganisms that cause them to be pathogenic and distinguish them from normal flora; these factors enable bacteria to destroy or damage host cells and resist destruction by the host's cellular defenses |
| six factors involved in the cycle of infection | pathogenic organism, reservoir of infection, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host |
| pathogenic organism | micoorganisms capable of causing disease, enables bacteria to destroy or damage host cells; E. coli, strep |
| reservior of infection | place where pathogens thrive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat, must provide moisture, nutrient, and a suitable temp; pt with hepatitis, radiographer with URI |
| portal of exit | route through which blood, body fluids, excretions or secretions leave the body; respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal tract, an infected wound, bloodstream |
| susceptible host | patient who have a reduced natural resistance to infection; pt with hepatitis |
| portal of entry | route in which an organism gains access to the susceptible host; open wound, respiratory, urinary, mucous membranes, bloodstream |
| transmisson of disease/susceptible host | mode in which the organism/bacteria gets trasmitted from one host to another; direct contact, airborne contamination, droplet contamination |
| steps of cleanliness | simple cleanliness, disinfection, sterilization |
| chemical sterilization | immersion and soaking of clean objects in a bath of germicidal solution followed by a sterile water rinse |
| dry heat | dry heat such as in an oven, required to sterilize some sharp instruments, certain powders, and greasy substances with temp 329 to 338 |
| conventional gas sterilization | items that would be damaged by high temperatures are ussually sterilized with a mixture of gases, heated to 135 |
| gas plasma technology | items are cleaned, wrapped, and placed in a compact mobile unit where low-temp hydrogen peroxide gas plasma diffuses through the wrapped instruments and effectively kills both microorganisms and spores |
| autoclaving | device that provides steam sterilization under pressure, the most commonly used sterilization method, quickest and most convenient |
| sterility indicators | the use of chemical indicator to identify that a pack has been sterilized, indicators are placed inside and outside the pack to show that the gas, heat, steam, has penetrated to all surfaces, indicators change color when required conditions have been met |
Created by:
smweckler
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