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Russia Chapter 2
From revolution to War 1905-1914. OCR A Level History, Russia 1894-1941
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Focus of Stolypin's economic policy | Agriculture. Famines had hit Russia in 1891 and 1897. Mortgage repayments were high, so Stolypin cancelled them to 'de-revolutionise' the peasants. |
| Key points of Stolypin's 'Wager on the Strong' | Urged farmers to abandon strip farming, discouraged peasant communes, established a bank to fund peasants and started schemes to allow peasants to voluntarily resettle in Siberia. |
| Difficulties facing Stolypin | Russia farmers were resistant to change. Land reform would take a long time, and peasants were resistant to leave the security of the commune. |
| Stolypin's use of the Duma | Stolypin cooperated with the Octobrists to allow his ideas to pass |
| Stolypin's industrial ventures | Revenue and the number of banks grew. The economy grew by 8.5% from 1908 to 1914, however inflation rose by 40% in this period. Workers' wages were 30% in St Petersburg than in Moscow. Eventually strikes grew to a general strike in 1914. |
| Election and effectiveness of the 1st Duma | All males over 25 could vote for the Duma, and the Kadets became the largest party (followed by SRs). However, the tsar still negotiated a loan with France without Duma approval, and passed the Fundamental Laws, limiting its power. |
| Vyborg appeal | The Duma was angry at its weaknesses but was dissolved after 2 months. 200 Kadet and SR deputies went to Vyborg in Finland and called for Russians to refuse taxes and conscription. In response, the tsar appointed Stolypin and expelled the group. |
| Stolypin's reaction to Vyborg | Martial law proclaimed, with 2,500 executions carried out between 1906 and 1911. The Kadets never recovered, and calls for reform turned to calls for revolution. |
| The 2nd Duma | The Kadets lost half of their seats, with the Mensheviks improving. This made the Duma radical and anti-government. The Duma rejected Nicholas' land reform, and criticised the army, so he dissolved it. |
| The 3rd Duma | The tsar kept the Duma (to appeal to European powers) but gave landowners more voting power than peasants. An increase in Octobrists and Rightists muted the radicalism. Stolypin could pass his land reforms, as well as social welfare for children. |
| The 4th Duma | Stolypin was assassinated in 1911, and in the 4th Duma Rightists were the largest, although the Duma continued to criticise the tsar. Some welfare was passed, but by 1914 it was openly critical of the government. |
| Russia in 1911 | Many peasants had moved to urban areas, but unemployment was large and there were often street protests - over politics rather than pay. Most government ministers were inept. |
| Lena Goldfields incident | Miners went on strike for better pay but were resisted by employers. The Okhrana sent in agents provocateurs to expose strike leaders, and the police opened fire, killing many workers. |
| The General Strike | By July 1914 a general strike saw widescale battles between police and protester's barricades. The strike was supported by some of the Duma and only ended with WW1. |
| Russia's foreign policy concerns | The growth of an ambitious, united Germany after 1871. The expansionist Austro-Hungarian Empire after 1867. The declining Ottoman Empire and its Balkan possessions. |
| Russia's attitude towards the Balkans | Many of the Balkan peoples were Slavic Christians, just like Russians. 40% of Russia's trade exports also passed through the Turkish straits, creating a chokepoint if a hostile power controlled them. |
| Germany and the alliance system | Germany dominated central Europe, and alliances started to form between powers to ensure they had allies in a war. Germany aligned with Austria-Hungary, as they had priorities in the Balkans and the East. |
| Franco-Russian convention | Both countries were concerned about Germany, so formed a mutual defence pact in 1892. France invested in Russia during the 'Great Spurt'. Britain joined the alliance to form the triple entente in 1907. |
| Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans | Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908, which angered Serbia and Russia. This almost brought Russia and Germany into a confrontation, but the situation deescalated. Russia therefore encouraged Balkan nationalism to create a bloc against Austria. |
Created by:
Charlie_M
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