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Fetal Cardiac
Ultrasound Fetal Cardiac Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common fetal anomaly? | congenital heart disease |
| What are the 3 components of the primitive venous system? | 1. Vitelline Veins 2. Cardinal Veins 3. Umbilical Veins |
| What do vitelline veins do? | They are veins that drain blood from the yolk sac and the gut tube during gestation |
| What do cardinal veins do? | They are veins that carry the venous return from the embryo proper |
| Describe the umbilical vein | Has left and right branches that develop from the chorion |
| Where does the primitive venous system drain into? | The ipsilateral horns of the coronary sinus |
| What is atrial septal defect (ASD)? | - any defect in the arterial septum other than a normal patent foramen ovale - classified by embryogenesis, location relative to the fossa ovalis, and its size - 5th most common form of congenital heart disease |
| What are the types of ASDs? | 1. Ostium Secundum 2. Ostium Primum 3. Sinus Venosus 4. Enlarged Coronary Sinus |
| Where is an ostium secundum ASD located? | In the middle of the atrial wall |
| Where is an ostium primum ASD located? | Towards the apex of the heart |
| Where is a sinus venosus ASD located? | towards the to top of the heart |
| What is ventricular septal defect (VSD)? | - a defect that results in an abnormal hemodynamic communication between the right and left ventricles - the most common congenital heart defect - most VSDs occur in isolation - most are muscular - smaller defects are louder - the "T" sign on US |
| What is atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)? | - a spectrum of cardiac malformations that include abnormalities involving the interatrial septum, interventricular septum, and atrioventricular valves - results from the endocardial cushions of the heart failing to fuse properly - a common valve |
| Who are complete AVSDs prevalent in? | patients with Down's Syndrome and heterotaxy Syndromes |
| What is Ebstein Anomaly (Cell Death Abnormality)? | - apical displacement of the septal leaflet (usually posterior leaflet) of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle - limits the movement of the valve leaflets: resulting in valve insufficiency |
| What is tetralogy of fallot (TET)? | - combination of 4 heart anomalies - VSD, pulmonary (RVOT) obstruction, overriding aorta (shifted to the right on top of VSD), and right ventricular hypertrophy (enlarged right ventricle |
| What is persistent truncus arteriosus? | - rare cardiac anomaly - results from failure of conotruncal ridges to fuse - results in a single great vessel (fused aorta & pulmonary artery) |
| What is complete corrected transposition of the great vessels? | - also known as D-transposition (D: dextro /right --> the aorta is to the right of the pulmonary artery) - the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle - the aorta is connected to the right ventricle |
| What is congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels? | - also known as L-transposition (L:levo/left --> the aorta is to the left of the pulmonary artery) - the arteries are reversed: AO to LV, PA to RV - the ventricles are switched: the left pumps blood to the lungs & the right pumps blood to the whole body |
| What is hypoplastic ventricle? | - the muscular wall is not properly developed due to a lack of blood flow required to develop the muscle function - often due to an abnormal AV valve, outflow obstruction, or valvular atresia - left ventricular hypoplasia is more common than right |
| What is coactation of the aorta? | - narrowing/constriction of the aorta - most common location is at the juxtaductal region (just below the takeoff of the left subclavian artery from the aortic arch) - not typically detected in utero |
| What is interrupted IVC? | - congenital absence of the hepatic segment of the IVC - the azygous vein connects the proximal to distal IVC segment allowing for return flow - commonly associated with other congenital heart disease, but can occur in isolation (= delayed diagnosis) |
| What is associated with interrupted IVC? | polysplenia, heterotaxy syndrome, situs abnormality |
| Where do hepatic veins drain in interrupted IVC? | drain directly into the right atrium |
| What is persistent left vena cava? | - failure of regression of left anterior and common cardinal veins and left sinus horn - drains into right atrium lateral to the aortic arch |
Created by:
lyager
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