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MCAT Bio: microbio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| virus | obligate, intracellular parasite; super small |
| bacteriophage | super common virus used in research settings |
| capsid | this is the protein coat that outlines the virus |
| Attachment (Adsorption) | 1st basic step of the viral life cycle; looks for complementary (specific) surface receptor on a cell; bacteria is not infected yet |
| Injection (Penetration) | 2nd basic step of the viral life cycle; viral nucleic acid is introduced into the bacteria by puncturing a small hole in the cell wall; bacteria now considered infected |
| capsid | when the viral genome is injected into the bacteria; only the genome can pass through and the _______ is left behind; also occurs in plant cells |
| cell wall | in animal cells, the entire virus is injected into the host because there is no ______ _______ |
| Lytic | type of viral life cycle - impulsive/fast 1. transcribe and translate viral genome 2. replicate viral genome 3. lysis of host and release new viral particles |
| hydrolase | destroys host cell genome to hog resources to be used for their transcription and translation alone and creates a pool of free dNTPs to be used to replicate their own viral genome |
| lysozyme | pokes holes in the bacterial cell wall which allows new viral particles to breakout of the host cell |
| Lysogenic | type of viral life cycle - reserved/slow 1. Integrate viral genome into host genome 2. Host continues normal reproductive process 3. Excision and Lytic cycle |
| stop | transcription has a ________ site, whereas replication does not |
| repressors, viral | in the lysogenic life cycle during the 2nd stage, transcription of the viral genome region is turned off by lining it with __________ --> these are located on the edges of the genome; they themselves are ________ proteins |
| excision, repressors | in the lysogenic cycle, ________ only begins when there is outside stress on the cell/DNA; requires removal of ________ in order to follow through |
| transduction | this describes the process when aiming to excise only the viral genome, some of the host genome can be taken with the viral genome, which can lead to mutations in the viral genome |
| Productive, animal | type of viral life cycle - higher turnover rate - similar to lytic cycle, but doesn't have lysis at the end --> instead viruses bud out of the cell PM |
| animal | the productive viral life cycle only occurs in _________ cells |
| plasma membrane | in the productive viral life cycle, viruses are able to remain undetected because when they bud out of the cell they become wrapped in the cell's __________ __________ |
| produtive | advantages of the ___________ viral life cycle: - make a lot more viruses without being detected - viruses are protected from the immune system - easier infection in the future - whole virus is taken up into the cell |
| +RNA | type of virus - are equivalent to mRNA --> able to be translated right away - must code for capsid (first made) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase but doesn't need to carry it |
| -RNA | type of virus - are complementary to mRNA --> can't translate immediately - needs to carry and code for RNA dependent RNA polymerase - needs to code for capsid |
| +RNA lysogenic | type of virus - only needs to code for RNA dependent RNA polymerase and capsid - uses host DNA polymerase to produce dsDNA and permanently inject it into the host genome - mutates quickly |
| prions | type of subviral particles; infectious proteins; carry no DNA, RNA nor organelles; resists damage due to high stability; normal (good) or mutant (bad) |
| mutant prions | ___________ ____________ - can spontaneously arise due to mutations - can be inherited and ingested - normal ones can become these when exposed to them - specifically toxic to neurons - causes apoptosis |
| viroids | type of subviral particle; virus-like; have circular RNA, no capsid; must be coinfected with another virus that has a capsid; don't code for proteins; act as miRNA or siRNA to block translation |
| cocci | bacteria with a round shape |
| bacilli | bacteria with a rod shape |
| spirilla | bacteria with a spiral shape |
| 1 flagella | monotrichous describes a bacteria with ___ _____________ |
| flagella, 2 | amphitrichous describes bacteria with ______________ coming out of ______ points |
| flagella, multiple | multitrichous describes bacteria with ______________ coming out of ________ points |
| gram + | this type of bacteria has a thick cell wall, thick peptidoglycan, and stains purple |
| gram - | this type of bacteria has a thin cell wall, an additional cell membrane, and strains pink, has a higher antibiotic resistance |
| mesophiles | bacteria that live at medium temperatures |
| thermophiles | bacteria that live at hot temperatures |
| psychophiles | bacteria that live at cold temperatures |
| obligate aerobe | type of organism - oxygen present --> uses it to survive - oxygen absent --> dies |
| facultative anaerobe | type of organism - oxygen present --> uses it to survive - oxygen absent --> uses fermentation to survive |
| tolerant anaerobe | type of organism - oxygen present --> doesn't use it BUT doesn't die - oxygen absent --> uses fermentation to survive |
| obligate anaerobe | type of organism - oxygen present --> dies - oxygen absent --> uses fermentation to survive |
| photo | ___________ trophs use sunlight as primary energy source |
| chemo | ___________ trophs use chemicals as primary energy source |
| auto | ___________ trophs make carbon chains from CO2 intake |
| hetero | ___________trophs acquire carbon chains from eating other organisms |
| auxo | ___________trophs are unable to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth |
| binary fission | type of bacterial reproduction - asexual --> produce 2 identical daughter cells - increases population size - doesn't contribute to genetic diversity - stops when reaches carrying capacity --> start to die off |
| conjugation | type of bacterial reproduction - doesn't change population size - contributes to genetic diversity - male duplicates plasmid and directly injects it into a female in order to make it male |
| F+ | type of bacteria - male - initiates conjugation - duplicates their plasmid and gives duplicate to female bacteria via conjugation bridge |
| F- | type of bacteria - female - receives duplicate plasmid from male via conjugation bridge --> turns into a male bacteria |
| Hfr | _________ bacteria - F- is integrated into bacterial genome unlike normal - requires excision |
| exotoxins | ____________ are toxic substances secreted by both gram - and gram + bacteria and are often very important factors in infection; they are continuously secreted |
| plasma membrane | the _________ __________ is the same whether isolated from a prokaryote and a eukaryote |
| conjugation bridge | aka. a sex pilus; this is the structure that connects F- bacteria to F+ bacteria to allow for genetic exchange |
| endotoxins | gram - bacteria release _______________ from their outer lipid bilayer when they die; Treating an infection with such a bacterium can cause a worsening of symptoms, including issues with blood pressure, until they begin to breakdown |
| meso | the bacteria that live in the human body are considered _______philes |
Created by:
coletty218
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