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HIS173C Midterm F23
History of the USSR Identification Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cossacks | Non-Russian ethnic minority group (blended) in E. Ukraine and N. Caspian Sea given greater autonomy in return for military service. Often used by tsarist regime as militias. Scapegoated later by Reds. |
| The Petrograd Soviet | An immediate participatory democracy of workers in Petrograd. Increased class consciousness of the population of Petrograd. Made Order No. 1 which said that soldiers should be free to disobey orders they disagreed with. |
| Symon Petliura | Supreme Commander of the Ukranian People's Army and led during the Ukranian War of Independence against Russia. |
| NEPmen | Former peasants who benefitted from the New Economic Policy. Took advantage of the market by buying and retailing consumer goods. Villainized by the Communist Party in propaganda. |
| The Pale of Settlement | The western area of the Russian Empire in which the (majority) Jewish population was limited to residence. |
| Alexander Kerensky | Led the Provisional Government who vouched for Russia's continued engagement in the war. Urged the dissolution of the monarchy after Feb. Revolution of 1917. |
| The Anastasia Cult | Far-right group that believes in the survival of Anastasia Romanov and the return to imperial Russia. |
| Magnitogorsk | New city during industrialization. Primary metal production of the USSR. Closed city of the deported and exiled workers. |
| Leon Trotsky | A Jewish communist revolutionary in the early 20th century. He was known for his impulsive and extreme political reactions. He was close to Lenin, but when it came time to choose a successor, Trotsky was disgraced and exiled by Stalin. |
| Black Hundreds | A group devoted to the Tsar that would intimidate and terrorize students and radicalists or anyone considered disloyal to the regime. A direct result of the October Manifesto. |
| Socialist Feminism | Feminism that opposed individualism. Resulted in women's suffrage, no-fault divorce law, and abortion legalization. Women were also given opportunities in fields previously excluded. Many (peasant) women opposed because it lacked traditional values. |
| Czechoslovak Legion | An anti-communist force mostly made up of Austro-Hungarian prisoners. They were formerly allied with the Reds but changed sides in Siberia. Japan and the US assisted them in the Vladivostok Expedition. Czech region declared independent in 1918. |
| "Liuda" | Lyudmila Pavlichenko, a deadly sniper in the Red Army during WWII. Women were often trained to be snipers because of their supposed natural patience and steadiness compared to men. |
| Trofim Lysenko | Celebrated agronomist and geneticist. He was a fraud who destroyed Russian genetic + agro science. He denounced anyone who disagreed with him. |
| Mendel Beilis Trial | Jew in Kyiv wrongfully accused of the ritual murder of a gentile teenager in 1913. He was found guilty and violently executed. Shows attitude towards Jews in Russia at this time. |
| The NKVD | People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. It was a Soviet secret police agency that started out small and grew with the establishment and stabilization of the Soviet government. |
| Alexandra Kollontai | A socialist feminist who proposed independent trade unions. Lenin made a compromise with her. She was pivotal in the creation of Lenin's soviet government. |
| Sergei Kirov | Leading Bolshevik during Revolution. Shot and killed after the 17th Party Congress. Can be seen as a part of the Great Purge. |
| The Central Rada | Legislation assembly by Ukranian nationalists in Kyiv. A response to a denied request for autonomy by Russia. Russia recognized their government in exchange for withholding their autonomy. |
| Holodomor | The Ukranian name for the 1920s famine in Ukraine caused by Stalin. Millions of peasants died as the city and state borders were entirely closed off, blocking any outside or domestic relief. People turned to cannibalism, prostitution, and thievery. |
| Russification | The attempt to influence ethnic minorities and nations within Russian control towards Russian tendencies. Children were taught Russian in schools, and the use of Russian ethnic practices was highly encouraged. |
| Red Terror | A Soviet campaign that tried to purge Russia of the Bolsheviks' enemies from 1918 to 1922 during the Civil War. Administered by the Cheka, or secret police. Caused by the assassination attempt on Lenin. |
| Agitprop | Political propaganda in media used by Soviets. Always explicit, loud, and obvious. |
| Revolutionary Iconoclasm | Destruction of icons and other images or monuments, specifically religious ones. Led to oppression of religion in which many religious leaders were executed or disgraced. Churches were forced to donate and melt down their valuables for state use. |
| Socialist Revolutionaries | Supporters of a democratic socialist republic. Endorsed the overthrowing of the tsars and redistribution of land to the peasants. |
| Destruction of Kalisz | Polish people moved to the interior of Russia to escape the fighting, leaving a surplus of refugees in the state proper. They were attacked by Germany who also took Lithuania. German postcards boasting the destruction. |
| "Vakulinchuk" | Ukranian soldier who led the mutiny on Battleship Potemkin. |
| State Duma | The state Duma was a parliamentary style council during the tsarist regime. It was pseudo-democratic in order to make sure that the tsar maintained a steady autocracy but satisfy revolutionaries. The state Duma only convened 4 times from 1906-1917. |
| Decrees on Land and Peace | Lenin's decree following the Oct. Revolution that called for peace and the redistribution of land to the peasants. |
| Fanny Kaplan | Fanny Kaplan was a Jewish revolutionary who attempted to assassinate Lenin in 1918. She believed that Lenin betrayed the people and the revolution by shutting down the Constituent Assembly. She was executed by firing squad after being found guilty. |
| Vsevolod Meyerhold | Imaginative modernist theater director persecuted for his rejection of socialist realism. Arrested, tortured, and executed for his public renouncement of socialist realism. |
| Kornilov Affair | Attempted military coup led by Russian army General Lavr Kornilov against the Provisional Government in 1917. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Trotsky offered Germany an armistice to end WWI fighting in 1917. In 1918 they made this treaty in which Russia lost much of its western frontier. |
| Kulaks | Kulaks were successful and slightly wealthier than average peasants. They were often scapegoated by the Communist Party for their success, being called traitors and capitalists. During the Stalinist period, Kulaks were imprisoned, executed, and exiled. |
| Tsarevich Alexei | Tsar Nicholas' son and heir. He had a blood disease that prevented his blood from clotting, leaving him vulnerable to death at the hands of a tiny cut. He was executed alongside his parents and sisters in 1918. |
| Tambov Rebellion | Peasant revolt against Bolsheviks in protest of grain confiscation. Bolsheviks used poison gas to quell, which was the first recorded incident of a state using chemical warfare against its own residents. |
| Alexei Stakhanov | Russian worker who exceeded his production quota and used as an example of perfect communist ideology by USSR. Led to Stakhanovite Movement, which increased productivity by rewarding people for exceeding expectations. These "heroes" were resented by peers |
| Grigory Zinoviev | Opposed the Oct. Revolution, which was used against him by Trotsky. Allied with Stalin during Lenin's passing by isolating Trotsky, but was immediately expelled after and allied with Trotsky. Stripped of power. Lenin granted complete power. |
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fdonalds
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