Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
MCATBio Renal+Digest
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| colon | this excretory organ reabsorbs water and eliminates solid waste (material eaten but NOT absorbed in blood) |
| liver | this excretory organ eliminates hydrophobic waste (fat, cholesterol) --> material eaten AND absorbed in blood BUT too hydrophobic to dissolve in plasma |
| kidney | this excretory organ eliminates hydrophilic waste, which includes material eaten, absorbed and dissolved in blood, and filtered out of plasma |
| kidney | this excretory organ regulates BP ion balance, water balance, pH; secretes erythropoietin, performs small amount gluconeogenesis; responsible for activation of vitamin K |
| erythropoietin | secretion of ______________ by the kidneys increases RBC formation |
| adrenal | ___________ glands sit on top of the kidneys but are not apart of the renal system |
| internal | __________ urinary sphincter is made up of smooth muscle; involuntary control |
| external | ___________ urinary sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle; voluntary control |
| ureter | the ________ connects the kidney to the bladder |
| cortex | the outer layer of the kidney |
| medulla | the inner layer of the kidney |
| nephron | functional unit of a kidney |
| renal pelvis | the connecting point between the medulla and the ureter; once urine reaches this point, no further modifications are made |
| increases | osmolarity _____________ as you move from cortex to medulla because solute concentration is increasing |
| in, out | water moves ____ to the medulla and ____ of the nephron in the medulla |
| loops of henle | these are structures of nephrons - can be long or short |
| long | (long/short) loops of henle perform water retention better and are found in animals such as camels and other desert animals |
| short | (long/short) loops of henle don't enter as far into the nephron so they don't perform water retention the best and are found in freshwater animals such as manatees |
| urine | nephrons make _______ |
| filtration | - first step in process to produce urine - moves a substance (blood plasma) across a membrane (capillary wall) using pressure (BP) |
| plasma, proteins | capillary wall membranes are fenestrated: this allows the diffusion of primarily water and things found in _______: the membrane allows the diffusion of these things EXCEPT ________ and large blood cells |
| reabsorption | - second step in process to produce urine - moves a substance from the filtrate (sitting in the nephron) back into the blood - glucose, amino acids - water (based on the body's needs) |
| secretion | - third step in process to produce urine - moves a substance from the blood back into the filtrate - drugs, toxins, creatine |
| afferent arterioles | this group of vessels bring blood into the capsule of the nephron |
| efferent arterioles | this group of vessels bring blood away from the capsule of the nephron |
| glomerulus | a network of capillaries in the capsule of the nephron where filtration occurs |
| dilate, constrict | you want more blood going into capsule than leaving ∴ afferent arterioles should _________ efferent arterioles should _________ |
| bowman's capsule | the first part of the nephron in which filtration takes place (full name) |
| proximal convoluted tubule | the first part of the tubule (PCT) closest to the capsule in which reabsorption and secretion takes place; mostly unregulated |
| reabsorbed | at the proximal convoluted tubule - glucose, amino acids, H+, and H20 are _____________ (--> medulla) |
| loop of henle | this structure of the nephron directly follows the proximal tubule - two parts: descending and ascending limb - two parts have opposite permeabilities to water and sodium |
| descending, out | in the ___________________ limb of the loop of henle - high permeability to H2O --> H2O diffuses ______ the nephron - impermeable to Na+ |
| ascending, out | in the ___________________ limb of the loop of henle - impermeable to water - high permeability to Na --> Na+ diffuses ______ the nephron |
| distal convoluted tubule | the second part of the tubule (DCT) farthest from the capsule has specialized reabsorption and secretion due to high regulation by the hormone, aldosterone |
| aldosterone | _____________ increases Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ secretion in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney |
| collecting duct | this part comes directly after the nephron and regulates H2O reabsorption via aquaporin channels |
| ADH | the permeability of aquaporin channels is dependent on whether ______ is present |
| open | when ADH is present, aquaporins will _____ and H2O will be reabsorbed back into the blood stream |
| vasa vecta | capillaries that wrap around the loop of henle |
| capillaries | H2O leaving the loop of henle is taken up by ___________ called the vasa vecta |
| efferent | H2O taken up by the vasa vecta transported to the _________ arteries |
| decreases | as urine volume increases --> urine concentration __________ |
| decreases | as urine volume increases --> blood volume ____________ |
| drop | a (drop/raise) in blood pressure is more deadly |
| renin | when blood pressure drops, kidneys secrete _______ |
| angiotensin I | when kidney secrete renin, angiotensinogen is converted to ___________ __ |
| ACE | angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II with the help of __________ |
| vasoconstriction | angiotensin II causes systemic _______________ which increases BP |
| decreases | systemic vasoconstriction (caused by angiotensin II) causes the afferent arteriole to constrict, which ____________ blood flow into the nephron |
| aldosterone, decreases | angiotensin II increases ____________ release from the kidneys --> increases Na+ reabsorption --> increases blood osmolarity --> _______ blood volume |
| ADH, increases | low blood volume due to high blood osmolarity triggers _____ to be released to compensate ---> _________ water reabsorption --> increases blood volume --> increases BP |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus | connecting point between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule; JGA |
| baroreceptors | the side of the JGA closest to the afferent arteriole has lots of ____________ which detect pressure changes |
| chemoreceptors | the side of the JGA closest to the distal convoluted tubule, there are lots of ____________ which detect changes in concentration (osmolarity) |
| decreases, renin, increase | when filtrate osmolarity __________, the JGA closest to the DCT stimulates the afferent arterioles to release ________ and directly dilates the afferent arterioles --> _________ filtration rate through the kidney |
| ANP | when BP increases, the atria stretch, and the R. atrium release ________ |
| vasodilation, inhibits | ANP causes ___________ in the muscles of the arterial walls and _____________ renin release --> decreases BP |
| slow | renal regulation of blood pH is (slow/fast) |
| fast | respiratory regulation of blood pH is (slow/fast) |
| carbonic anhydrase | CO2 + H2O is converted into H2CO3 by ___________ ________, which is immediately converted into H+ and HCO3- |
| acidic | the kidneys primarily secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-, which makes urine ____________ |
| alimentary canal | long muscular tube that goes from mouth to anus |
| bile | the liver makes _________ which is amphipathic and facilitates fat digestion |
| bile | _____________ surrounds smaller fat globules and allows digestive enzymes to access the fat and further break it down |
| gallbladder | stores and concentrates bile; you can live without this but will need a low fat diet |
| glucose | the endocrine part of the pancreas regulates blood _______ levels via insulin and glucagon (endocrine role) |
| digestive, secretes | the pancreas is the main source of many _________ enzymes and ________ HCO3- to neutralize the acidic pH of the stomach |
| narrows | when the circular muscles of the alimentary canal wall contracts --> the tube __________ |
| shortens | when the longitudinal muscles of the alimentary canal wall contracts --> the tube _______ |
| wave of peristalsis | circular and longitudinal muscles work together by contracting to push bolus of food down the canal |
| mouth | the function of the __________ is to grind food, moisten food, and begin starch + lipid digestion |
| saliva | the exocrine glands of the mouth secrete _______, which is composed mainly of water, as well as lysozymes, amylases, and lingual lipases |
| esophagus | the function of the ___________ is to act as a tube that carries food down to the stomach |
| smooth | the esophagus starts as skeletal muscle and becomes __________ muscle |
| cardiac sphincter | this structure of the esophagus prevents the reflux of stomach contents; aka. the lower esophageal sphincter |
| mucus | the exocrine gland in the esophagus releases ________ |
| zymogen | this refers to an inactive, digest enzyme |
| stomach | the function of the __________ actually involves very little digestion and absorption and primarily acts as a tank for food, but does some acid hydrolysis |
| gastric | the stomach contains _________ glands, which include cheif, parietal, and mucus cells, which are examples of exocrine glands |
| chief | __________ cells make pepsinogen |
| parietal | __________ cells secrete HCl to make the environment of the stomach acidic |
| mucus | __________ cells secrete mucus which protects the stomach cells (lining) |
| activated | pepsinogen is _________ when it comes in contact with acid in order to make pepsin |
| G-cells | the endocrine glands of the stomach include __________, which secrete gastrin, activate gastrin glands, and is involved with negative feedback via acid |
| small intestine | this part of the digestive system is where virtually all digestion and absorption occurs; 3 regions: duodenum --> jejunum --> ileum |
| enterokinase, trypsin | ______________ is an exocrine enzyme in the small intestine that activates one of the pancreatic zymogens, trypsinogen, which when activated becomes ___________, which sends off a cascade of activating other pancreatic enzymes |
| brush border | __________ ____________ enzymes create monomers for absorption and is the final step in digestion |
| enterogastrone | this is an endocrine hormone in the small intestine that slows down stomach emptying and motility |
| CCK | this is an endocrine hormone that stimulates bile release |
| secretin | this is an endocrine hormone that stimulates the release of HCO3- |
| large intestine | this part of the digestive system mainly involves reabsorption of water and storage of feces |
| bacteria | ________ in the large intestine secrete vitamin K which results in blood clotting; eats up any remaining nutrients |
| ileocecal | the ____________ valve separates the small and large intestine |
| internal | the _________ anal sphincter - smooth muscle - involuntary control |
| external | the _________ anal sphincter - skeletal muscle - voluntary control |
Created by:
coletty218
Popular MCAT sets