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Chapter 13 Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What fostered anti clericalism in Europe? | Sale of Indulgences, Clerical Pluralism, Clerical promiscuity, and challenges to Clerical Exemptions |
| What was the event that caused Martin Luther to write his 95 theses? | The Sale of Indulgences |
| Where did Martin Luther nail his 95 theses? | Door of the Wittenberg Church |
| Why was the idea of Protestantism able to spread quickly? | Printing Press |
| What did all Protestants agree on? | Salvation through faith alone, religious authority resides in the Bible alone (doctrine must have scripture basis), priesthood of all believers (all believers are equal), and everyone should serve god in their own way. |
| Why were educated people and humanists interested in Luther's teachings? | It supported Renaissance ideas by going back to older writings and scripture, while also ending elaborate ceremonies and encouraging individual thought. |
| Whose side was Luther on in the German Peasants' War | The land owners/lords |
| How did Protestants view women in marriage? | Marriage was a solution to lust, and women were meant to serve in marriages and service their men, with violence being towards wives allowed if seen as necessary. |
| How did Protestants view sex crimes? | They were for divorce for clearly failing marriages and were against prostitution |
| How did Charles V get all of his land/countries? | Frederick III had the Holy Roman Empire, his son married Mary of Burgundy who inherited Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy. Maximilian married his kids to the kids of Ferdinand and Isabella, which granted grandson Charles V, Spain and southern Italy. |
| Why did political authorities support Protestantism? | Allowed for legal confiscation of farmlands, monasteries, and shrines, along with end of clerical privileges for taxes and defense. Also the idea of a united people created by Luther's writing of "we Germans". |
| What caused religious wars between Catholics and Protestants early on? | Charles V was Catholic and at the time rulers decided the religion would follow the ruler. However, Germany, which was still part of the Holy Roman Empire, wanted to be Protestant. |
| What was the first place outside of the Holy Roman Empire to accept the Reformation and why? | It was the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway because many Danish scholars studied at the University of Wittenberg and brought knowledge back with them. |
| Why did the Henry VIII change the English Catholic Church to the Anglican Church? | The pope was refusing to grant Henry VIII an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and receive a male heir. So, he changed the church and placed himself at the head, which could only be done through Protestantism. |
| How was the Anglican Church similar to Protestantism? | Bibles in the churches (instituted by Thomas Cromwell), dissolved English monasteries (taking their land and funding), and king at the head of the church. |
| Did the people accept Protestantism in England? | Many converted and clergy and officials accepted Henry's changes, but the Pilgrimage of Grace (a rebellion) occurred at the hands of subjects and rarely was the conversion overnight. |
| Did the Irish accept Protestantism easily? | The Irish's Catholicism remained strong and many remained Roman Catholic, adding to tensions between Ireland and England. |
| What was the order of rulers from Henry VIII to Elizabeth I and what was significant about them? | First, Edward VI, he was always sickly and eventually died, under him the first book of common prayer was used in England. Then Mary Tudor, she turned England Catholic and executed hundreds of Protestants. |
| How did Elizabeth find a medium between Protestantism and Catholicism? | Ordered church and government to swear that she was supreme, required subjects to attend church of England but didn't involve herself in home matters, conducted service in English, and allowed clergymen to marry, still hierarchical, mainly Protestant. |
| What happened with the Spanish Armada? | Philip II sent them to attack England, they sent 130 vessels from Lisbon Harbor, but English fire ships sent them home through rough seas and only 65 ships returned. |
| What were Calvinists societies like? | Each job seen as a god-given calling, boards of elders with elected bodies having authority over issues, church services more simple but longer with no art of ornamentation |
| Why did Calvinism take root in Poland-Lithuania over Lutheranism? | Ordinary Poles held strong Anti-German sentiment and the fact that Calvinism originated in France and not in Germany was appealing. |
| What occurred in the Hungarian Diet in 1523 to strong Protestantism from spreading in Hungary? | It was decreed that Lutherans and those who favored them would be executed and have their property taken. |
| What occurred on August 26, 1526 in Hungary? | The Ottoman Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, attacked Hungary and killed King Louis II, the nation was split between the Ottoman Turks, the Habsburgs, and the Ottoman Empire. |
| What did Lutheranism look like to the Turks? | Many Hungarian nobles who were ruled by the Turks accepted Lutheranism but had to pay extra taxes to the Sultan, there were Lutheran schools and the majority of Hungarian people were Protestant until 1699 when they recognized Habsburg rule. |
| What did the Council of Trent reaffirm about the church? | They kept the seven sacraments and maintained that their traditions and values were also important, not just what was in scripture. |
| What did the Council of Trent work on for the church? | They focused on reforming absenteeism, pluralism, priests having sex with local women and concubines, and the selling of church offices. They also declared that for a marriage to be valid they needed to publicly marry in front of a priest and witness. |
| What were three major religious orders that helped the Catholic Reformation? | Carmelites, Ursulines, and Jesuits |
| Who was the leader of the Jesuits? | Ignatius Loyola |
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Azarath4
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